scholarly journals First Report of Meloidogyne graminicola on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Hainan of China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Pan ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
ZhiJie Chen ◽  
YingMei Li
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Hainan Province ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Final Population

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important vegetable crop in Hainan province, Southern China. In this area, rice and tomato rotation is the most common way for tomato cultivation. During March of 2021, in a field of Yazhou District, Sanya City, Hainan Province, leaves of some tomato plants (cv. Jinsheng) turned yellow, although there were no obvious dwarf plants observed. The tomato plants with yellow leaves exhibiting obvious galls on the roots were collected. Several females and gelatinous egg masses of Meloidogyne spp. were found inside the cortex of the root galls after dissection. The perineal patterns of females (n=12) were dorsal-ventrally oval with low and round dorsal arches, lacking obvious lateral lines. Most of the striae were smooth and sometimes short and irregular striae were observed within them. Morphological measurements of females (n=20) included body length (L) = 569.2 ± 53.6 (457.6 - 662.7) µm, body width (BW) = 342.7 ± 69.8 (245.5 - 457.9) µm, stylet = 11.8 ± 0.7 (10.5 - 13.3) µm, dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice to stylet base (DGO) = 4.0 ± 0.2 (3.7 - 4.6) µm, vulval slit length = 24.1 ± 3.7 (16.7 - 30.7) µm, and vulval slit to anus distance = 16.0 ±1.9 (12.6 - 19.3) µm. The second-stage juveniles (J2s, n=20) had the following morphological characters: L = 440.6 ± 26.7 (395.7 - 488.3) µm, BW = 15.9 ± 1.0 (14.5 - 17.9) µm. stylet = 13.5 ± 0.8 (12.3 - 14.9) µm, tail length = 69.5 ± 3.7 (65.4 - 76.9) µm, hyaline tail terminus = 21.0 ± 2.1 (17.3 - 24.9) µm. These morphological characters matched the original description of Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden and Birchfield, 1968). Ten individual females were transferred to ten different tubes for DNA extraction. The species-specific primers Mg-F3 (5'-TTATCGCATCATTTTATTTG-3') and Mg-R2 (5'-CGCTTTGTTAGAAAATGACCCT-3') were used for the identification of M. graminicola (Htay et al. 2016). For the ten DNA samples, a 369 bp fragment was amplified by this pair of primers, confirming their identities as M. graminicola. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region between COII and the lRNA gene was amplified using primers C2F3 (5’-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3’) and 1108 (5’-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3’) (Powers and Harris, 1993). A DNA fragment of 531 bp was obtained and the sequence (GenBank Accession No. MZ576221) was 99.8% identical to the sequences of M. graminicola (GenBank Accession Nos. MH033621, MK616527, and MG356945). Part of the rDNA spanning ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2 was amplified with primers 18S (5’-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3’) and 26S (5’-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3’) (Vrain et al. 1992). The sequences from the ITS region were 790 bp (GenBank Accession No. MZ312595) and were all 100% identical to the known sequences of M. graminicola (GenBank Accession Nos. MF320126, HM623442, and KY020414). In glasshouse tests, six 30-day-old tomato plants (cv. Jinsheng) were individually transplanted in pots (V sand :V soil = 3:1) and inoculated with 1500 J2s hatched from the egg masses of collected M. graminicola samples per plant. Two non-inoculated tomato plants served as negative controls. After 50 days, inoculated plants had galled roots similar to those encountered in the field and there were J2s and eggs within the galls. The nematode reproduction factor (RF = final population/initial population) was 5.3. No symptoms were observed on control plants. These results confirmed the nematode’s pathogenicity on tomato. To our knowledge, this is the first time of a natural infection of tomato with M. graminicola in China.

scholarly journals RESISTANCE OF POTATO GENOTYPES TO Meloidogyne javanica

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAQUELINE TAVARES SCHAFER ◽  
CESAR BAUER GOMES ◽  
ARIONE DA SILVA PEREIRA ◽  
FERNANDA FERREIRA CRUZ ◽  
DANIELLE RIBEIRO DE BARROS
Keyword(s):  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Susceptible Control ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Reproduction Factor

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of a group of clones and cultivars from the potato breeding program of Embrapa to Meloidogyne javanica. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Temperate Climate, Pelotas / RS, under greenhouse conditions at temperatures of 25 ± 5°C. Individual potato plants of different genotypes [BRSIPR Bel, BRS F63 (Camila), CL02-05, F23-11-06, F32-02-06, F38-03-07, F189-09-06, F23-24-06 and F22-01-08], kept in pots with sterilized soil were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica, using six replicates per treatment. The susceptible control, potato cultivar BRS Ana was inoculated with the same level of inoculum. Fifty-five days after inoculation, the number of galls on the roots of each plant was determined as well as the number of protuberances caused by nematodes in the different treatments. Then, the roots of each plant were processed for counting the number of eggs and J2, as well as determining the nematode reproduction factor (FR: final population / initial population). All genotypes were susceptible (FR> 1.00) to M. javanica. However, there were different levels of susceptibility among the cultivars tested.

scholarly journals Reaction of strawberry cultivars to root-knot and root-lesion nematodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Daniele de Brum ◽  
Priscila Monalisa Marchi ◽  
Michel A Gonçalves ◽  
Fernanda F Cruz ◽  
Luis Eduardo C Antunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nematode Species ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Camino Real ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

ABSTRACT Considering the economic importance of strawberry in Brazil, with a clear migration trend from the soil to innovative systems on substrates, it is fundamental to evaluate the available cultivars in the market regarding tolerance to pathogens with potential for infestation. The reaction of eight commercial strawberry cultivars (Festival, Camino Real, Camarosa, Oso Grande, Monterey, San Andreas, Aromas, and Albion) to Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus species was evaluated. Strawberry cultivars were maintained in individual pots with sterilized soil and inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica or M. hapla or 1,000 specimens of Pratylenchus zea or P. brachyurus per plant. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six replications using tomato ‘Rutgers’ and sorghum ‘506’ plants as control to root-knot and lesion nematodes, respectively. Ninety days after inoculation, the nematode reproduction factor (RF= final population/initial population) was evaluated to determine the resistance of the strawberry genotypes to each nematode species. All cultivars behaved as resistant (FR<1.00) or immune (FR= 0.00) to M. javanica, M. incognita, P. zeae and P. brachyurus. The cultivar ‘Camarosa’ was susceptible (FR>1.00) to M. arenaria and M. hapla and ‘Oso Grande’ behaved as a good host to M. hapla; however, the other cultivars were resistant to these two Meloidogyne species. The assessed cultivars are poor hosts, being an alternative to be used in infested areas with these pests.

Biological Control Agents in the Management of Different Initial Population Densities of Meloidogyne javanica in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
L. Mosahaneh ◽  
H. Charehgani ◽  
M. Abdollahi ◽  
R. Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Susceptible Tomato ◽  
Reproduction Factor

The efficacy of single and combined application of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens (CHA0) in the controlling of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants was evaluated under green house conditions. Seeds of the susceptible tomato cv. Early-Urbana were sown in clean plastic pots containing 1.5 kg steam sterilized soil. Four weeks after planting, the soil of each pot was infested with a suspension of 20 ml/kg soil of T. harzianum (106 spores/ ml) and a suspension of 15 ml/kg soil of P. fluorescens (CHA0) (108 CFU/ ml). Soil of other pots were infested with the two tested bio-agents together as a combined application. Seven days later, plants in all pots, except the controls, were inoculated with M. javanica at initial population densities of 1, 2 or 4 eggs/ cm3 soil. Sixty days after nematode inoculation, the parameters of plant growth and nematode reproduction were determined. Results showed that the nematode reproduction factor (Rf) on the plants infected with 1, 2 and 4 eggs/ cm3 decreased by 58, 63 and 31% after the single application of T. harzianum, 11, 33 and 12% after the single application of P. fluorescens (CHA0) and 43, 55 and 49% after the combined application of the bio-agents, respectively. Combined application of the two bio-agents was found to be the most effective in controlling the higher initial population density of the nematode (4 eggs/ cm3).

scholarly journals Effect of Individual, Simultaneous and Sequential Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Meloidogyne incognita on Growth, Biochemical, Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Ahmed Noureldeen ◽  
Mohd Asif ◽  
Taruba Ansari ◽  
Faryad Khan ◽  
Mohammad Shariq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Defensive Enzymes ◽  
Sequential Inoculation ◽  
Nonenzymatic Antioxidants

This study was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. K-21) to investigate the bioprotective nature of Pseudomonas fluorescens and its interactive effects with Meloidogyne incognita in terms of growth biomarkers, changes in biochemical attributes and modulation in antioxidant enzymes of the tomato plant. In this study, we grew tomato plants with M. incognita and P. fluorescens in separate pots, simultaneously and sequentially (15 days prior or post) after 15 days of seed sowing. The sequential inoculation of Mi15→Pf maximally increased the root-knot index and decreased the nematode population. It was also noted that inoculation suppressed the plant growth biomarkers in comparison to control. However, maximum suppression in nematode reproduction and increment in growth and physiological attributes were observed when P. fluorescens was applied 15 days prior to the nematode (Pf15→Mi) as compared to control. All the treatments showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Expression of phenol content and defensive enzymes such as peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, in contrast to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents when compared with the untreated inoculated plants. However, the highest levels of POX and SOD, and a lowest of phenol, MDA and H2O2 were displayed in the treatment Pf15→Mi, followed by Mi+Pf and Mi15→Pf.

scholarly journals First Report of Mosaic Disease Caused by Colombian datura virus on Solanum lycopersicum Plants Commercially Cultivated in Japan

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tomitaka ◽  
T. Usugi ◽  
R. Kozuka ◽  
S. Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Report

In 2009, some commercially grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, exhibited mosaic symptoms. Ten plants from a total of about 72,000 cultivated plants in the greenhouses showed such symptoms. To identify the causal agent, sap from leaves of the diseased plants was inoculated into Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Local necrotic lesions appeared on inoculated leaves of C. quinoa, but no systemic infection was observed. Systemic mosaic symptoms were observed on the N. benthamiana plants inoculated. Single local lesion isolation was performed three times using C. quinoa to obtain a reference isolate for further characterization. N. benthamiana was used for propagation of the isolate. Sap from infected leaves of N. benthamiana was mechanically inoculated into three individual S. lycopersicum cv. Momotaro. Symptoms appearing on inoculated tomatoes were indistinguishable from those of diseased tomato plants found initially in the greenhouse. Flexuous, filamentous particles, ~750 nm long, were observed by electron microscopy in the sap of the tomato plants inoculated with the isolate, indicating that the infecting virus may belong to the family Potyviridae. To determine genomic sequence of the virus, RT-PCR was performed. Total RNA was extracted from the tomato leaves experimentally infected with the isolate using an RNeasy Plant Mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). RT-PCR was performed by using a set of universal, degenerate primers for Potyviruses as previously reported (2). Amplicons (~1,500 bp) generated by RT-PCR were extracted from the gels using the QIAquick Gel Extraction kit (QIAGEN) and cloned into pCR-BluntII TOPO (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA). DNA sequences of three individual clones were determined using a combination of plasmid and virus-specific primers, showing that identity among three clones was 99.8%. A consensus nucleotide sequence of the isolate was deposited in GenBank (AB823816). BLASTn analysis of the nucleotide sequence determined showed 99% identity with a partial sequence in the NIb/coat protein (CP) region of Colombian datura virus (CDV) tobacco isolate (JQ801448). Comparison of the amino acid sequence predicted for the CP with previously reported sequences for CDV (AY621656, AJ237923, EU571230, AM113759, AM113754, and AM113761) showed 97 to 100% identity range. Subsequently, CDV infection in both the original and experimentally inoculated plants was confirmed by RT-PCR using CDV-specific primers (CDVv and CDVvc; [1]), and, hence, the causal agent of the tomato disease observed in greenhouse tomatoes was proved to be CDV. The first case of CDV on tomato was reported in Netherlands (3), indicating that CDV was transmitted by aphids from CDV-infected Brugmansia plants cultivated in the same greenhouse. We carefully investigated whether Brugmansia plants naturally grew around the greenhouses, but we could not find them inside or in proximity to the greenhouses. Therefore, sources of CDV inoculum in Japan are still unclear. This is the first report of a mosaic disease caused by CDV on commercially cultivated S. lycopersicum in Japan. References: (1) D. O. Chellemi et al. Plant Dis. 95:755, 2011. (2) J. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:757, 2001. (3) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol. 102:895, 1996.

scholarly journals Reproductive, pathogenic and genotypic characterisation of five Meloidogyne graminicola populations from the Philippines on susceptible and resistant rice varieties

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-318
Author(s):  
Ma. Teodora Nadong Cabasan ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Stéphane Bellafiore ◽  
Dirk De Waele
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Oryza Glaberrima ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Disease Induction

Summary Five populations of Meloidogyne graminicola isolated from different rice-growing areas in the Philippines were characterised. The populations showed little phenotypic variability of second-stage juveniles and female perineal pattern. Differences in reproduction among M. graminicola populations were not observed on mature resistant Oryza glaberrima varieties ‘TOG5674’, ‘TOG5675’, ‘RAM131’ and ‘CG14’, or on susceptible O. sativa varieties ‘IR64’ and ‘UPLRi-5’. In all infected rice varieties, plant growth and yield-contributing traits showed no differences among the populations. A search on M. graminicola populations from the Philippines for single-nucleotide polymorphism on the sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of rDNA genes and mtDNA indicated only few points of heteroplasmy. Nematode reproduction and disease induction of the five M. graminicola populations in the Philippines exerted the same level of aggressiveness and virulence. The absence of resistance-breaking populations of M. graminicola is important for the maintenance of durability of resistance to this important rice pathogen.

scholarly journals Effect of coffee silver skin and brewers’ spent grain in the control of root-knot nematodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Thligene ◽  
G. N. Mezzapesa ◽  
D. Mondelli ◽  
A. Trani ◽  
P. Veronico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Spent Grain

SummaryPlant parasitic nematodes (PPN) are important pests of numerous agricultural crops especially vegetables, able to cause remarkable yield losses correlated to soil nematode population densities at sowing or transplant. The concern on environmental risks, stemming from the use of chemical pesticides acting as nematicides, compels to their replacement with more sustainable pest control strategies. To verify the effect of aqueous extracts of the agro-industry waste coffee silverskin (CS) and brewers’ spent grain (BSG) on the widespread root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and on the physiology of tomato plants, a pot experiment was carried out in a glasshouse at 25 ± 2 °C. The possible phytotoxicity of CS and BSG extracts was assessed on garden cress seeds. Tomato plants (landrace of Apulia Region) were transplanted in an artificial nematode infested soil with an initial population density of 3.17 eggs and juveniles/mL soil. CS and BSG were applied at rates of 50 and 100 % (1L/pot). Untreated and Fenamiphos EC 240 (nematicide) (0.01 μL a.i./mL soil) treated plants were used as controls. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chlorophyll content of tomato plants were estimated during the experiment. CS extract, at both doses, significantly reduced nematode population in comparison to the untreated control, although it was less effective than Fenamiphos. BSG extract did not reduce final nematode population compared to the control. Ten days after the first treatment, CS 100 %, BSG 50 % and BSG 100% elicited the highest ROS values, which considerably affected the growth of tomato plants in comparison to the untreated plants. The control of these pests is meeting with difficulties because of the current national and international regulations in force, which are limiting the use of synthetic nematicides. Therefore, CS extracts could assume economic relevance, as alternative products to be used in sustainable strategies for nematode management.

scholarly journals Glutathione Status in the Roots of Tomato Plants Transgenic by Genes psl and rapA1 in the Presence of Rhizobium leguminosarum

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-930
Author(s):  
Z. R. Vershinina ◽  
O. V. Chubukova ◽  
D. R. Maslennikova
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Leguminous Plants ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Glutathione Status

Abstract The level of glutathione was investigated in the roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants transgenic by genes psl and rapA1 in the presence of a microsymbiont of leguminous plants Rhizobium leguminosarum VSy3. The plants transformed with gene psl showed a greater bacterial adhesion than the plants transformed with gene rapA1, which positively correlated with growth parameters of plants. Treatment with rhizobia elevated the content of glutathione in the roots of wild type plants three times, 4.7 times in the roots of plants transformed with gene rapA1, and more than five times in the plants transgenic by gene psl. The obtained results suggest that the level of glutathione in the roots may serve as a marker of efficiency of artificial symbiotic systems produced de novo.

scholarly journals Metabolism of esfenvalerate in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-146
Author(s):  
Daisuke Ando ◽  
Takuo Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Tomato Plants
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