scholarly journals First Report of Trichoderma harzianum Biotype Th4, on Commercial Button Mushrooms in California

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1404-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. de la Fuente ◽  
D. M. Beyer ◽  
D. L. Rinker
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Button Mushrooms ◽  
Casing Layer

Button mushrooms of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach are commercially cultivated under environmentally controlled conditions. In California they are the most economically important agricultural crop in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, and also an important crop in 10 other counties. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, biotype Th4, can reduce production by preventing formation of fruiting bodies. Biotype Th4 was previously detected and described in Canada (2), Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Unofficial reports suggest its presence in San Mateo County since 1995. Disease incidence and severity on the mushroom farms varied; some mushrooms became severely infected. Green epigeous mycelia and conidia were present on the casing layer resulting in empty patches. On some farms 30% of the production surface was infected during the peak of the epidemic. Initial identification of the species was made by isolating the fungus from the substrate and casing layer. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) cultures coincided with the cultural description of T. harzianum (1,3). Biotype assessments with standard procedures were conducted at Penn State, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of total genomic DNA to screen the California isolates of T. harzianum. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis with 14 different primers indicated that they were the same RAPD haplotype as biotype Th4. The Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario relies on morphological observations from cultures grown on 2% MEA (malt extra agar) at 24°C under diffuse daylight to identify biotypes of T. harzianum (2), and microscopic characters of biotype Th4 were also positively confirmed on the California isolates. More than a parasite or pathogen, T. harzianum biotype Th4 is considered a weed mold of mushroom cultivation. The precise interaction is yet unknown. Modified Koch's postulates were confirmed with bags of commercial mushroom substrate (45 kg) inoculated by spraying 100 ml of a spore suspension (3.0 × 106 spores per ml) at filling, to give final concentrations of 103 to 108 spores per kg of compost. Treatments were T. harzianum biotype Th4, strain Th1, an unidentified isolate, control (distilled water only), and noninoculated. Eight replications per treatment were laid out in a randomized block design. Bags were subjected to standard mushroom cultivation practices. Biotype Th4 was reisolated from empty patches on the casing of all Th4 repetitions. Mean percent cover of the mold (therefore mushroom empty patches) was 30% for crops (flushes) 1 and 2, but individual bags varied from 15 to 90%. The mean percent cover in the other two treatments and in the controls was 0% for crops 1 to 4, therefore significantly different. Green mold was covering the total surface on all Th4 repetitions at third crop. No yields were recorded, but serious losses were obvious for the Th4 treatments. Green mold was not observed in the controls. References: (1) H. M. Grogan et al. Mushroom News 45:29, 1997. (2) D. L. Rinker et al. Mushroom World 8:71, 1997. (3) D. A. Seaby. Plant Pathol. 45:905, 1996.

scholarly journals Field Performance of Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14 and Bacillus subtilis AAUB95 on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Growth Promotion and Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Zewdineh Firdu ◽  
Tesfaye Alemu ◽  
Fassil Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chocolate Spot

Aims: This study was done to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B.subtilis AAUB95 on chocolate spot (B. fabae) and growth promotion of faba bean. Study Design: A completely randomized block design was utilized. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, 8º2'N and 39º10’E, Kulumsa, June-November, 2018. Methodology: Two trails (Trial-1 Ashebeka and Trial-2 Hachalu) were employed. We included T1-Control (B.f only); T2-T. harzianum AAUT14+ B.f; T3-B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T4-T. harzianum AAUT14+B. subtilis AAUB95+B.f; T5- MORE 720 WP+B.f; T6- ORZEB+B.f as treatments of the study. The disease development was assessed together with yield and related parameters. Results: In trail 1, a reduction that varied from 31-61% for disease incidence and 13-33% of severity over T1 upon 70 days after sowing. Upon 90 days, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 20-50% and 36-51%, respectively. Trichoderma harzianum AAUT14+B.subtilis AAUB95 (T4) reduced the disease incidence and severity showing no significance difference (P=.05) with the chemical fungicide, MORE 720 WP (T5) upon 70 and 90 days of sowing. In trial 2, the microbial inoculants reduced the disease incidence and severity to 28-63% and 17-30% upon 70 days. Likewise, the disease incidence and severity was reduced to 23-51% and 37-54% upon 90 days. In addition, the AUDPC ranged from 1586.1-2250.0%DSU in trial 1 and 1382.0-2454.5%DSU in trial 2. Moreover, leaf area of 68.95cm2 was displayed by T4 in trial 1 and 54.14cm2 in trial 2. In addition, T 4 indicated, 62% and 49% increment of hundred seed dry weight and grain yield estimate in trial 1, and 56% and 55%, increase in trial 2 compared to the uninoculated control. The percentage of healthy pods was 90% and 88.87% in trial 1 and 2, respectively, in the treatment that received T4 and followed by T2 that showed 70.40 and 78.86% in trial 1 and 2, respectively. T4 resulted 4391.45kg/ha and 4378.12kg/ha, that followed by T2 with 3764.58kg/ha and 3654.17kg/ha of yield estimate in trial 1 and 2, respectively. 27-42% and 26-41% of harvest index was exhibited in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. Furthermore, the seed nitrogen content increased from 33-70% in trial 1 and 29-62% in trial 2. The seed nitrogen content showed 33-70% and 29-62% increment in trial 1 and 2, respectively. Even though the fungicides (T5 and T6), protected the faba bean plants from chocolate spot, there was <10% of seed nitrogen and crudeprotein content increment over the untreated control plants in both varieties. Conclusion: The mixture of T. harzianum AAUT14 and B. subtilis AAUB95 or in some cases T. harzianum AAUT14 performed best on controlling chocolate spot, growth promotion and yield increment of faba bean.

Specific PCR assays for the detection of Trichoderma harzianum causing green mold disease during mushroom cultivation

Mycoscience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Miyazaki ◽  
Yuki Tsuchiya ◽  
Toru Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Pcr Assays

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Green Mold Foci in 30 Commercial Mushroom Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royse ◽  
K. Boomer ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
M. Handcock ◽  
P. S. Coles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Surface Covering

Statistical analyses were performed on spatial distributions of mushroom green mold foci caused by Trichoderma spp. in 30 standard Pennsylvania doubles (743 m2 production surface) selected at random from over 900 total crops mapped. Mapped production houses were divided into four tiers of six beds each with 16 sections per bed (total = 384 sections per double). Each section contained approximately 2 m2. Green mold foci were mapped according to presence or absence in each section as they became visible during the course of the mushroom production. There was a trend toward higher disease incidence at the ends of the doubles, although this was not consistent from level to level. Spatial analysis revealed that green mold foci were more likely to occur in neighboring sections along the beds rather than above, below, or across from each other. Cultural practices that were associated with movement along the beds, i.e., nutrient supplementation, spawning, bed tamping, surface covering, etc., were considered the most likely factors influencing the incidence of green mold in spawned compost. Airborne contamination was considered a less likely source of inocula contributing to epidemic development. Sanitation practices that reduce spore loads along the beds are expected to provide the greatest degree of green mold control.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertilization on camelina seed yield, yield components, and downy mildew infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfei* Jiang ◽  
Claude D. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Set Up ◽  
N Rates

Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] has potential in aquaculture, livestock feed production, and the biofuel industry. It is necessary to determine the appropriate production technology for the newly introduced crop under different environmental conditions. The objective of this 2-year study was to measure the response of five camelina genotypes in terms of seed yield, yield components, and disease incidence to applied nitrogen (N) at multiple sites in the Maritime provinces of eastern Canada. The factorial experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design. The two factors were six N rates (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1 N) and five genotypes of camelina (Calena, CDI002, CDI005, CDI007, and CDI008). The interactive effect of N rates and genotypes was considered. Results showed that camelina, which is usually considered a low-input crop, responded positively to increased applied N at rates up to 200 kg ha−1 N. Seed yield responded differently to applied N rates depending on genotype. Branch and pod development were decisive for seed yield. The advanced line CDI007 had the highest yield potential among the five genotypes. Downy mildew infection was positively correlated with applied N rates; however, seed yield was not significantly affected by downy mildew infection.

scholarly journals POTENSI AGENSIA HAYATI DAN NABATI DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT BUSUK RIMPANG JAHE

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Sudarmono Sudarmono ◽  
Nur Prihatiningsih ◽  
Abdul Manan ◽  
Endang Iriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ginger Rhizome ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Central Java Province ◽  
Rhizome Rot

Potency of biological and botanical agents in controlling ginger rhizome rot. Research aimed at knowing integrity of various control agents in controlling causal agent of ginger rhizome rot. The research was carried out at Gowak Village, Pringsurat District, Temanggung Regency, Central Java Province, from November up to May 2004. Randomized Block Design was used with treatments of biological (Bacillus sp. with density of x  1010 cfu ml-1 suspension and Trichoderma harzianum 20 g crop-1), of botanical (clove leaves powder of 20 g crop-1 and neem seeds extract of 25 ml crop-1), and synthetical agents (benomil with concentration of 2 g l-1) either alone or in combination, with three replicates. Variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, number of leaves per crop, crop height, and ginger production per hectare. Result of the research showed that the location was endemic of the disease. The treatments could generally retard the incubation period and the infection rate, decrease the disease intensity, and increase the ginger production. The highest ginger yield was obtained from the plot given Trichoderma harzianum (Trikonis), either alone or in combination with the dry clove leaves of 10 g crop-1 as many as four times with interval of seven days started from seedling planted.

scholarly journals Revisiting the casing layer: Casing materials and management in Agaricus mushroom cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eustáquio Souza Dias ◽  
Diego Cunha Zied ◽  
Arturo Pardo-Gimenez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Productivity Indices ◽  
Casing Layer

ABSTRACT The cultivation of button mushroom has reached a high technological level in developed countries and is associated with high productivity indices. This technological level involves not only compost production and crop management but also the casing layer. Peat has been established as one of the most appropriate casing materials for the cultivation of button mushroom due to its excellent properties. However, good-quality peat is not available in all countries, and peat is not renewable, which reinforces the need for alternative materials. Therefore, studies on the casing layer should include its response to the induction of fruiting since this stage is where the main changes that lead to the formation of primordia occur. This review addresses the different aspects of fruiting induction of Agaricus mushrooms and the influence of the characteristics of the casing layer on mushroom production.

scholarly journals PENEKANAN HAYATI PENYAKIT MOLER PADA BAWANG MERAH DENGAN TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM, TRICHODERMA KONINGII, DAN PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS P60

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Suprapto Edy Santoso ◽  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Totok Agung Dwi Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Spraying Method ◽  
Plot Design

Biological Suppression of Moler Disease on Shallot  by Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, and Pseudomonas fluorescens P60. Research aiming for (1) knowing efectivity of biological suppression with T. harzianum, T. koningii, and P. fluorescens P60 and (2) studying growth and production of shallot caused by the suppression carried out at the shallot farm. Split-Split Plot Design arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design was used with three replicates. The research result showed that P. fluorescens P60 was the most effective antagonistic agent to suppress the disease either alone or in combination while T. harzianumi and T. koningii did not suppress effectively. Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 could suppress the disease up to 41.96%. The best method of P. fluorescens P60 application was spraying method for 10 mL with 107 cfu/mL population density, which was able to dicrease incubation period, disease intensity, and final pathogen population up to 62.46, 18.19, and 80.67%, respectively. Growth and production of the crop tended to increase resulted from biological suppression by P. fluorescens P60, but not by T. harzianum nor T. koningii.

scholarly journals Characterization of Verticillium dahliae Isolates and Wilt Epidemics of Pepper

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Bhat ◽  
R. F. Smith ◽  
S. T. Koike ◽  
B. M. Wu ◽  
K. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Minor Variation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Compatibility Group

Epidemics of Verticillium wilt in pepper fields of the central coast of California and isolates of Verticillium dahliae associated with these epidemics were characterized. The mean incidence of wilted plants per field ranged from 6.3 to 97.8% in fields with Anaheim, jalapeno, paprika, or bell peppers. In general, incidence of wilt in jalapeno and bell pepper crops was lower than in crops of other types of pepper. Inoculum density of V. dahliae in the surveyed pepper fields ranged from 2.7 to 66.6 microsclerotia g-1 dry soil, and the correlation between disease incidence and density of microsclerotia was high (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Distribution of Verticillium wilt was aggregated in a majority of the pepper fields surveyed, but the degree of aggregation varied. Vegetative compatibility group (VCG) characterization of 67 isolates of V. dahliae indicated that 67% belonged to VCG 2, 22% to VCG 4, and 11% to a new group, designated VCG 6. The pathogenicity of isolates of V. dahliae from bell pepper and tomato plants was tested by inoculating 1-month-old bell pepper (cv. Cal Wonder) and tomato (cv. EP 7) seedlings and incubating the inoculated plants in the greenhouse. Seedlings of bell pepper were susceptible only to the isolates of V. dahliae from pepper, whereas seedlings of tomato were susceptible to both pepper and tomato isolates. Pepper isolates belonging to VCG 2, VCG 4, and VCG 6 were highly pathogenic to bell pepper and chili pepper. Temperatures between 15 and 25°C were optimal for mycelial growth of a majority of isolates of V. dahliae. Molecular characterization of pepper isolates of V. dahliae using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique revealed minor variation among these isolates, but unique polymorphic banding patterns were observed for isolates belonging to VCG 6. Verticillium wilt of pepper is a major production constraint in the central coast of California. More aggressive isolates of V. dahliae may have been selected in this region as a result of intensive cropping practices.

Studies on the behaviour of some fungal diseases of rice in the mangrove swamp ecology at Warri, south eastern Nigeria

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-436
Author(s):  
E. A. Maji ◽  
E. D: Imolehin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Bipolaris Oryzae ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Mangrove Swamp ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Studies on the ecological behaviour of Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito et Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dast., syn. Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan Shoem.), the causal agent of brown spot in rice (Oryza sativa L.), were carried out in the tidal mangrove swamp at Warri Experimental Farm, Southeastern Nigeria. A split randomised complete block design with four replications was used. Monthly transplantings from July to September formed the main plot, which was subdivided into control and N-treated subplots. Disease incidence increased when transplanting was delayed. This was probably due to the fact that flowering coincided with environmental conditions favourable for disease development from November to February. Nitrogen fertilization at 40 kg N/ha significantly (P=0.05) reduced C. miyabeanus incidence in 1997/1998, but not in the 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons at the same site. The grain yields of ROK 5, a medium-duration improved rice variety (approx. 150 days), were significantly (P=0.05) reduced in late-transplanted crops (September to November) in spite of adequate N fertilization. Mangrove mud was not an important source of C. miyabeanus propagules. The incidence of leaf scald caused by Monographella albescens (Thum) Parkinson, Sivanesan and Booth syn. Microdochium oryzae (Hashioka and Yokogi) Samuels and Hallet, and of leaf smut caused by Etyloma oryzae Miyake was generally stimulated by N application.

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