Solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii improves the quality of tea dregs for use as feed additives

This study evaluated the ability of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii to improve the quality of tea dregs (TDs) through solid-state fermentation as well as the value of the fermented tea dregs (FTDs) produced for use as bio-feed additives. After fermentation, FTDs differed in color and structure. Fermentation with A. niger and T. koningii increased the contents of crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of TDs. Compared to the unfermented group, the contents of reducing sugar, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and theasaponins were increased in A. niger FTDs, while in T. koningii FTDs caffeine was completely degraded, the theasaponins were lower, and the contents of reducing sugar and caffeine higher. Regarding free amino acids, A. niger FTDs had the highest content of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, total non-essential amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, total branched-chain amino acids, and total non-protein amino acids, and all types of essential amino acids, followed by T. koningii FTDs and the control TDs. Fungal fermentation had similar effects on the content of various hydrolytic amino acids as those on above free amino acids, and increased the content of bitter and umami components. The composition of essential amino acids of TDs or FTDs was similar to that of the standard model, except for sulfur-containing amino acids and isoleucine. Solid-state fermentation with A. niger and T. koningii effectively improved the nutritional value of TDs, increased the contents of functional substances, and improved the flavor of TDs. This study demonstrated a feasible approach to utilize TDs that not only increases animal feed resources, but also reduces the production of resource waste and pollution.

Potential of the indirect and direct beneficial effects of the use of Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus niger and Mucor sp. on eggplants plants: Plant growth and systemic resistance induction

Several pathogens fungi responsible for total yield losses are worldwide spread notably in Iraq. The alternatives strategies to decrease disease development are those able to destruct a total or partial population density using eco-friendly approach treatments. In this investigation, we demonstrate the symbiotic interaction with Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus niger and Mucor sp. on the eggplant plants growth and development, and on the defence response induction. The results revealed that the highest fungal frequency from eggplant rhizosphere was registered for A. niger, followed by Mucor sp. and T. koningii. Seeds treatment with T. koningii showed a higher value of length of shoots (2.83 cm), roots (3.00 cm), and leaves (3.50 cm). Obtained results revealed that T. koningii ameliorates the seedling fresh (3.91 g), dry weight (0.24 g), and accelerates plant length (48.67 cm). Obtained results revealed increasing of peroxidase activity (12.53, 12.68, and 11.28 10-1 units.g.mL.min-1, respectively) and chlorophyll content (2.11, 1.70, and 1.90 mg.g-1 fresh weight, respectively) eggplants treated with combination Mucor sp. + A. niger + T. koningii, T. koningii + Mucor sp., and T. koningii alone. To control pathogens fungi within integrated management strategies, the biological control should be taken into consideration.

PENGGUNAAN Trichoderma Koningii PADA PERKECAMBAHAN SIRSAK (Annona muricata linn)

This study aims to determine the dose of Trichoderma koningii which can induce soursop germination; know the best soaking time that can affect the induction of soursop germination; to know the interaction between soaking time and Trichoderma koningii dose on soursop germination. This research was conducted in April - June 2019 at the Green House of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. The material used in this study was soursop seed obtained from Lota Village, Pineleng Tomohon Subdistrict, Trichoderma koningii with 106 solids obtained from the North Sulawesi Province Plant Protection Center Collection, Aquadest, 70% Alcohol, 80% Acetone, sandalready sifter and sterilized. This research was arranged in factorial with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors, namely 5 treatments of Trichoderma koningii dose and 4 immersion treatments repeated three times (3x) so that a total of 60 treatment units. Each treatment unituses 10 seeds. The results of this study indicated that the dose of Trichoderma koninggi 200 g without soaking can increase the germination power by 86.67% and the vigor index by 32.96%; Immersion with Koninggi Trichoderma suspension has not been able to induce soursop seed germination rate; Theinteraction between Trichoderma koningii dose and soaking time did not affect the speed of soursop seed germination.*eprm*

The Effects of Trichoderma Fungi on the Tunneling, Aggregation, and Colony-Initiation Preferences of Black-Winged Subterranean Termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Termitidae)

The black-winged subterranean termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a severe pest of plantations and forests in China. This termite cultures symbiotic Termitomyces in the fungal combs, which are challenged by antagonistic microbes such as Trichoderma fungi. In a previous study we showed that O. formosanus workers made significantly fewer tunnels in sand containing commercially formulated conidia of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries compared with untreated sand. Herein, we hypothesize that fungi in the genus Trichoderma exert repellent effects on O. formosanus. Different choice tests were conducted to evaluate the tunneling and aggregation behaviors of O. formosanus workers reacting to sand/soil containing the unformulated conidia of seven Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma koningii Oud., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Trichoderma hamatum (Bon.) Bain, Trichoderma atroviride Karsten, Trichoderma spirale Indira and Kamala, and T. viride). We also investigated the colony-initiation preference of paired O. formosanus adults to soil treated with Trichoderma conidia (T. koningii or T. longibrachiatum) versus untreated soil. Tunneling-choice tests showed that sand containing conidia of nearly all Trichoderma fungi tested (except T. harzianum) significantly decreased tunneling activity in O. formosanus workers compared with untreated sand. Aggregation-choice test showed that T. koningii, T. atroviride and T. spirale repelled O. formosanus workers, whereas T. longibrachiatum and T. hamatum attracted termites. There was no significant difference in proportions of paired adults that stayed and laid eggs in the soil blocks treated with conidia of Trichoderma fungi and untreated ones. Our study showed that Trichoderma fungi generally repelled tunneling in O. formosanus, but may exert varied effects on aggregation preference by workers.