scholarly journals Field Response of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean to Herbicides and Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
X. B. Yang ◽  
P. Lundeen
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Soybean Plants

Three-year field experiments were conducted to assess the development of sudden death syndrome (caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines) in three soybean cultivars, tolerant (P9344 and A3071) and nontolerant (BSR101), to glyphosate following foliar application of four herbicides (acifluorfen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and lactofen) commonly applied to soybeans in the north-central region of the United States. Cultivar A3071 is resistant to sudden death syndrome, whereas cultivars P9344 and BSR101 are susceptible to this disease. There was no statistically significant cultivar-herbicide interaction with respect to the severity of foliar symptoms of the disease and the frequency of isolation of F. solani f. sp. glycines from roots of soybean plants. Across all herbicide treatments, the level of sudden death syndrome was lower in the disease-resistant cultivar than in the susceptible ones. There was an increase in the disease levels under application of acifluorfen, glyphosate, and imazethapyr compared with nontreated or lactofen-treated plants. The results obtained indicate that the response of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans to sudden death syndrome is not different from the response of conventional soybeans to this disease following application of the selected herbicides, and the resistance of soybean to sudden death syndrome was not changed with application of glyphosate.

scholarly journals Analyses of Yield and Economic Response from Foliar Fungicide and Insecticide Applications to Soybean in the North Central United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuba R. Kandel ◽  
Daren S. Mueller ◽  
Chad E. Hart ◽  
Nathan R. C. Bestor ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
The Impact

Foliar disease and insect management on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) in the North Central region of the United States has been increasingly accomplished through foliar fungicide and insecticide application. Data from research trials conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Nebraska were compiled from 2008 to 2014 to determine the impact of fungicide, insecticide, and fungicide + insecticide applications on soybean yield and profitability. In each state, field experiments occurred each year in two to seven locations. All treatments were applied at the R3 growth stage. Disease and insect pressure were very low in all states and years. A foliar application of fungicide, insecticide, or the combination, increased yield in seven out of 14 total site-years (P < 0.10). Economic analysis using an average soybean price of $0.42 per kilogram and average application cost of $62 per hectare indicated that fungicide applications were only profitable in 14% of the trial site-years. Insecticide alone and fungicide + insecticide was profitable in 39% and 45% of site-years, respectively. Effect of fungicide class on yield was inconsistent. Our results indicate that although yield increases can occur with foliar fungicide and/or insecticide treatments, current market prices and application costs may limit profitability when disease and/or insect pressure is low. Accepted for publication 22 September 2016.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines Causing Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Anderson ◽  
A. U. Tenuta
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Soybean Plants

Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines, is a disease of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in several central and southern states of the United States. In Ontario, Canada, individual soybean plants with typical foliar symptoms of SDS (1) have been observed annually in Kent County since 1993 but the causal organism was not isolated or identified. In 1996, plants with symptoms of SDS were observed in six fields located in Essex, Kent, and Lambton counties. Interveinal chlorosis and necrosis occurred on top leaves of affected plants and a pale brown discoloration occurred in the vascular system in lower stems and upper tap roots. Slow-growing isolates of F. solani f. sp. glycines with typical blue sporodochia were isolated from symptomatic plants on acidified potato dextrose agar (1). Root inoculation of 15 2-week-old seedlings with colonized oat kernals with each of five single-spore isolates caused typical SDS symptoms on 5-week-old soybean plants of cvs. Conrad, A2540, S19-90, and Ripley in the greenhouse. The severity and incidence of symptoms varied with cultivar and isolate. Of 125 plants inoculated, 6% of Conrad, 10% of A2540, 14% of S19-90, and 17% of Ripley plants developed foliar symptoms. Symptoms did not develop on noninoculated controls. F. solani f. sp. glycines was reisolated from roots of symptomatic plants. Although Ripley is known to have resistance to SDS (2), foliar and root symptoms developed following inoculation with each Ontario isolate of F. solani f. sp. glycines. Yield losses in 1996 were difficult to assess because of the scattered distribution of diseased plants in most fields. Diseased plants had few and poorly filled pods. In two fields, soybean growth was severely restricted in large areas covering 2 ha each; however, soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was present in both fields. SCN was present at all locations. Although total yield losses are currently low, it is evident that F. solani f. sp. glycines causing SDS has become widely distributed in southwest Ontario and disease severity is increasing. References: (1) K. W. Roy et al. Phytopathology 79:191, 1989. (2) P. A. Stevens et al. Crop Sci. 33:929, 1993.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Sudden Death Syndrome caused by Fusarium virguliforme and Soybean Yield: A Meta-Analysis

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1736-1743
Author(s):  
Yuba R. Kandel ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
Febina M. Mathew ◽  
Albert U. Tenuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Moderator Variables

In total, 52 uniform field experiments were conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, South Dakota, and Wisconsin in the United States and Ontario, Canada from 2013 to 2017 comparing crop protection products against sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean. Data were analyzed using meta-analytic models to summarize the relationship between foliar disease index (FDX) and yield. For each study, correlation and regression analyses were performed separately to determine three effect sizes: Fisher’s transformation of correlation coefficients (Z r ), intercept (β0), and slope (β1). Random- and mixed-effect meta-analyses were used to summarize the effect sizes. Study- and location-specific moderator variables FDX (low < 10% and high ≥ 10%), date of planting (early = prior to 7 May, conventional = 7 to 21 May, and late = after 21 May) cultivar (susceptible and partially resistant to SDS), study location, and growing season were used as fixed effects. The overall mean effect sizes of transformed correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] r was −0.41 and different from zero (P < 0.001), indicating that yield was negatively correlated with FDX. The [Formula: see text] r was affected by disease level (P < 0.01) and cultivar (P = 0.02), with a greater effect at higher disease levels and with susceptible cultivars. The mean [Formula: see text] 0 was 4,121 kg/ha and mean [Formula: see text] 1 was −21 kg/ha/% FDX and were different from zero (P < 0.01). Results from these data indicate that, for every unit of FDX increase, yield was decreased by 0.5%. Study locations and year affected the [Formula: see text] 0 , whereas none of the moderator variables significantly affected [Formula: see text] 1.

scholarly journals Characterization and Distribution of Two Races of Phialophora gregata in the North-Central United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 901-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Harrington ◽  
J. Steimel ◽  
F. Workneh ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
North Central ◽  
Brown Stem Rot ◽  
Phialophora Gregata ◽  
The North ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Xylem Discoloration

Genetic variation and variation in aggressiveness in Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae, the cause of brown stem rot of soybean, was characterized in a sample of 209 isolates from the north-central region. The isolates were collected from soybean plants without regard to symptoms from randomly selected soybean fields. Seven genotypes (A1, A2, A4, A5, A6, M1, and M2) were distinguished based on DNA fingerprinting with microsatellite probes (CAT)5 and (CAC)5, with only minor genetic variation within the A or M genotypes. Only the A1, A2, and M1 genotypes were represented by more than one isolate. The A genotypes dominated in the eastern Iowa, Illinois, and Ohio samples, whereas the M genotypes were dominant in samples from western Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. In growth chamber experiments, isolates segregated into two pathogenicity groups based on their aggressiveness toward soybean cvs. Kenwood and BSR101, which are relatively susceptible and resistant, respectively, to brown stem rot. In both root dip inoculation and inoculation by injecting spores into the stem near the ground line (stab inoculations), isolates of the A genotypes caused greater foliar symptoms and more vascular discoloration than isolates of the M genotypes on both cultivars of soybean. All isolates caused foliar symptoms in both cultivars and in three additional cultivars of soybean with resistance to brown stem rot. Greater differences between the A and M genotypes were seen in foliar symptoms than in the linear extent of xylem discoloration, and greater differences were seen in Kenwood than in BSR101. Inoculation of these genotypes into five cultivars of soybean with different resistance genes to brown stem rot showed a genotype × cultivar interaction. A similar distinction was found in an earlier study of the adzuki bean pathogen, P. gregata f. sp. adzukicola, and consistent with the nomenclature of that pathogen, the soybean pathogens are named the aggressive race (race A) and the mild race (race M) of P. gregata f. sp. sojae.

scholarly journals Recent Outbreak of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome in Iowa

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 590-590
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Washington County ◽  
East Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central District ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Low Prevalence

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, was first found in four Iowa counties in 1993 at low intensities. Following the first report of the disease, a statewide survey in 1994 and 1995 showed an overall low prevalence of the disease, mainly in eastern Iowa (2). In 1998, an epidemic of the disease occurred with drastic increases in prevalence and severity at regional, local, and field levels. The disease was found in 31 Iowa counties covering five out of the nine Iowa crop-reporting districts, with expansion in occurrence northward and westward. There were 12 SDS-affected counties in the North Central and Central districts, and 19 in the East Central, Southeast, and Northeast districts. To assess the extent of SDS increase at the local level, extensive surveys were conducted in 1998 in three areas where previous surveys were made in 1994 or 1995. In Washington County (Southeast District), the frequency of infestation has increased from 5% (2 of 40 fields surveyed) in 1995 to 30% in 1998. In Black Hawk County (East Central District), 26% of the fields examined had SDS, compared with 4.5% in 1995 (2 of 44 fields). In Story County (Central District), 35% of soybean fields were found with SDS in 1998, as opposed to 3% (2 of 62 fields) in 1994. In previous surveys (2), large disease patches (about 1 ha) were not found in central Iowa and were mainly limited to eastern counties along the Mississippi River. However, approximately 30% of the infested fields surveyed in 1998 had two to five patches with areas from 0.5 to 2.5 ha. The remaining 70% of the fields had several patches of diseased soybean plants with areas ranging from 3 m2 to 0.5 ha. The largest disease patch observed was about 10 ha, covering half of a field in Black Hawk County. Percentage of field area affected by SDS varied from 3 to 15% in 60% of the fields where the disease was found, and from about 20 to 60% in the remainder. In all fields surveyed, SDS was confirmed based on the presence of bluish sporulation or isolation from taproots of representative plants. The outbreak supports the 1996 risk assessment (1) that SDS would become a major production concern in Iowa. References: (1) H. Scherm and X. B. Yang. Phytopathology 87:S86, 1997. (2) X. B. Yang and P. Lundeen. Plant Dis. 81:719, 1997.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Temperature and Plant Age at Time of Inoculation on Progress of Root Rot and Foliar Symptoms of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Gongora-Canul ◽  
L. F. S. Leandro
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean is favored by planting in cool soil but epidemics can be severe even when planting occurs later in the season into warmer soil. Our objective was to determine how soil temperature affects susceptibility of plants exposed to Fusarium virguliforme at different ages. Soybean plants were grown in rhizotrons in water baths at 17, 23, and 29°C. Subsets of plants were inoculated 0, 3, 7, and 13 days after planting (DAP) by drenching soil with a conidial suspension. Root rot developed in all inoculated plants but severity decreased with increasing temperature and plant age at inoculation. Severity of foliar symptoms also decreased with increasing plant age. Whereas plants inoculated 0 DAP developed severe foliar symptoms at all temperatures, plants inoculated 3 and 7 DAP developed symptoms only at 17 and 23°C, and those inoculated 13 DAP never developed foliar symptoms at any temperature. Root length at inoculation was negatively correlated with disease severity. Our findings suggest that roots are most susceptible to infection during the first days after seed germination and that accelerated root growth in warmer temperatures reduces susceptibility to root infection conducive to foliar symptoms. However, soil temperature may not affect infections that occur as soon as seeds germinate.

scholarly journals Sporulation of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, Causal Agent of Sudden Death Syndrome, on Soybeans in the Midwestern and Southern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Soil Line ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Root Decay ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Dark Blue

Production of macroconidia by the causal agent of sudden death syndrome, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, occurred on lower stems and roots of soybean plants symptomatic for the disease in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Most of the sporulation was light to dark blue to blue-green in color. Microscopically (15×) visible sporulation occurred on plants in 26, and macroscopically visible sporulation occurred on plants in 15, of 32 fields inspected. In some fields, the incidence of plants with microscopically visible sporulation was as high as 70%, and the incidence of plants with macroscopically visible sporulation reached 50%. Sporulation varied from pinpoint microscopic areas to macroscopically visible masses 4 to 6 cm2 or larger. Areas of microscopically visible sporulation occurred on lower stems and roots within 2.5 cm above and below the soil line on about 50% of the plants, and areas of macroscopically visible sporulation occurred within the same region on about 60% of the plants. Both microscopic and macroscopic sporulation also occurred on taproots as far as 10 cm or more below the soil line. Severe foliar symptoms and root decay were associated with a greater incidence of plants with sporulation. The occurrence of sporulation should help distinguish sudden death syndrome from other diseases of like foliar symptomatology and help confirm its diagnosis. It is presumed from the results that sporulation eventually contributes to the inoculum density of F. solani f. sp. glycines in soybean fields.

scholarly journals Plant Age Affects Root Infection and Development of Foliar Symptoms of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Gongora-Canul ◽  
L. F. S. Leandro
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean sudden death syndrome is characterized by root rot followed by the development of foliar symptoms. However, it is not known how time of infection affects disease severity. Soybean plants were inoculated at 0, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after planting (DAP) by drenching potting media with conidia of Fusarium virguliforme, then incubating in growth chambers at 17°C for 7 days followed by 24°C for 31 days. Root rot and severity of foliar symptoms were assessed 18 and 38 days after inoculation (DAI). Root rot developed on plants inoculated at all ages but plants inoculated at seed stage (0 DAP) had the highest (P < 0.01) root rot severity (>90%). At 38 DAI, foliar symptoms were severe (>80%) on plants inoculated at 0 DAP but did not develop on plants inoculated at all other ages. Xylem colonization by F. virguliforme was more frequent in plants inoculated at 0 DAP than on plants inoculated at later stages. The results of this study suggest that soybean roots become less susceptible to xylem colonization and the subsequent development of foliar symptoms as plants mature. Therefore, practices aimed at protecting seed and seedling roots from infection may improve soybean sudden death management.

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