First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan in New Mexico

For several years, decline was observed in mature pecan (Carya illinoensis (F.A. Wangenheim) K. Koch) trees in an orchard in Dona Ana County, New Mexico despite normal fertilization and irrigation practices. Affected trees were growing in sandy soil in two widely separated irrigation terraces and exhibited chlorosis of foliage and substantial die-back of branches in the upper canopy. Examination of feeder roots revealed the presence of numerous small galls and egg masses, with root-knot nematode females often visibly protruding from root tissue. Attempts to culture the nematode on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Rutgers’) were unsuccessful. Females and egg masses were collected from fresh pecan roots and sent to the USDA Nematology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD, in October 2000, where specimens were identified as Meloidogyne partityla Kleynhans (1) based on morphological examination. This is the first report of M. partityla from New Mexico, and the second report of this nematode outside South Africa. Starr et al. (2) first reported M. partityla from pecan in the United States in 1996, after recovering the nematode from five orchards in Texas. In their study, the host range of M. partityla was limited to members of the Juglandaceae, which may explain the inability of the New Mexico population to reproduce on tomato. Additional information is needed regarding distribution of this nematode within pecan-growing regions throughout North America. References: (1) K. P. N. Kleynhans. Phytophylactica 18:103, 1986. (2) J. L. Starr et al. J. Nematol. 28:565, 1996.

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First Report of Columbia Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in Potato in New Mexico

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.8.924c ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (8) ◽

pp. 924-924

Author(s):

S. H. Thomas ◽

S. A. Sanderson ◽

Z. A. Handoo

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

The United States ◽

Soil Samples ◽

San Juan ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽

First Report ◽

San Juan County

Following a report of Columbia root-knot nematode in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) imported by Mexico from the United States in spring 2000, six fields in San Juan County, NM, were surveyed in August 2000. Soil samples from two fields in which the exported potatoes had been produced contained second-stage juveniles that were tentatively identified as Columbia root-knot nematode. During the 2000 potato harvest, state inspectors detected tubers from four additional fields that exhibited symptoms of Columbia root-knot nematode, including warty exteriors and discrete small brown lesions that were apparent to a depth of 1 cm below the tuber surface. Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al. (1) was confirmed from a subsample of tubers sent to the USDA Nematology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD, in October 2000. Identification was based on morphological examination of the nematodes recovered from tubers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. chitwoodi from New Mexico. No Columbia root-knot nematodes were recovered from soil samples collected at 26 locations throughout San Juan County in 1988 and 1989, nor had symptomatic tubers or plants been observed in this area previously. Columbia root-knot nematode most likely represents a recent introduction into northwestern New Mexico. Additional information regarding distribution of this nematode within the region is needed. References: (1) A. M. Golden et al. J. Nematol. 12:319–327, 1980.

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Albian ophiuroids from Cerro de Cristo Rey, Dona Ana County, New Mexico

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/s0022336000033321 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 1009-1013 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

William C. Cornell ◽

David V. Lemone ◽

William D. Norland

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Early Cretaceous ◽

First Report ◽

Dona Ana County ◽

Cristo Rey

Fossil ophiuroids (Echinodermata) have been recovered from rocks of the Comanche Series (Albian, Early Cretaceous) at Cerro de Cristo Rey, New Mexico. This is the first report of fossil ophiuroids from Mesozoic rocks in New Mexico.

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First Report of Columbia Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in Potato in Texas

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.442d ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 442-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. L. Szalanski ◽

P. G. Mullin ◽

T. S. Harris ◽

T. O. Powers

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽

Its1 Region ◽

First Report ◽

Tail Shape ◽

Central United States ◽

Polymerase Chain

Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al. (1) was identified from potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., collected from Dallam County, Texas in October 2000. Seed potatoes are the most likely source for this introduction. This nematode is currently found infecting potatoes grown in California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Some countries prohibit import of both seed and table stock potatoes originating in states known to harbor M. chitwoodi. Lesions on the potatoes had discrete brown coloration with white central spots in the outer 1 cm of the tuber flesh. Female nematode densities averaged 3 per square centimeter of a potato section beneath the lesions. Nematodes were morphologically identified as M. chitwoodi based on the perineal pattern of mature females and the tail shape of juveniles per Golden et al. (1). Using polymerase chain reaction-RFLP of the rDNA ITS1 region and the mtDNA COII-16S rRNA region (2), individual juveniles were identified as M. chitwoodi based on their restriction fragment patterns. This is the first report of Columbia root-knot nematode infecting potatoes in Texas. The distribution of this nematode in potato fields throughout central United States should be determined. References: (1) A. N. Golden et al. J. Nematol. 12:319, 1980. (2) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993.

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Curcuma longa in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-17-0409-pdn ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (10) ◽

pp. 1826-1826

Author(s):

M. Hall ◽

K. Lawrence ◽

W. Groover ◽

D. Shannon ◽

T. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

First Report

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne floridensis on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0527b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 527-527

Author(s):

G. T. Church

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Field Experiments ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

Bromophenol Blue ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

First Report ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

The state of Florida is the largest producer of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in the United States with 2003 yields of 634 million kg on 17,700 ha valued at 516 million dollars. Effective crop management is essential for production of vegetables in Florida because of the presence of intense pest pressure. The identification of the pests present is the first step in the development of a successful IPM (integrated pest management) program. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are common nematodes that parasitize vegetables in Florida and cause significant yield reductions when not properly managed. In 2003 field experiments, soil was collected from two research farms in Saint Lucie and Seminole counties in Florida. Galling caused by root-knot nematode was observed on tomato at both locations. Since females suitable for identification are difficult to obtain from field-grown roots, field soil was placed in pots in the greenhouse and planted with Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers. Standard morphological techniques, differential host tests, and isozyme phenotypes were used in nematode identification. Female root-knot nematodes were extracted from tomato roots and placed in extraction buffer (10% wt/vol sucrose, 2% vol/vol Triton X-100, 0.01% wt/vol bromophenol blue). The females were crushed, loaded on a polyacrylamide gel, and separated by electrophoresis using the PhastSystem (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The activities of malate dehydrogenase and esterase enzymes were detected using standard techniques. Isozyme phenotypes consistent with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood as well as with the newly described M. floridensis Handoo (1) were observed at both locations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. floridensis naturally occurring on tomato in Florida. The identification and distribution of M. floridensis in vegetable production fields is important for disease management throughout the state since the host range is likely different from other Meloidogyne spp. Reference: (1) Z. A. Handoo et al. J. Nematol. 36:20, 2004.

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First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii on Cockscomb (Celosia argentea var. cristata) in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-21-2126-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jo Tzu Ho ◽

Che-Chang Liang ◽

P. Janet Chen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

18S Rdna ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

First Report ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Celosia Argentea ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Primer Sets ◽

Coii Region

Cockscomb (Celosia argentea) is commonly found in subtropical and temperate zones of Africa, South America and South East Asia, and is a popular ornamental plant in the family Amaranthaceae. Cockscomb has been known to contain antiviral proteins, betalains, and anthocyanin, which can be applied in beneficial ways (2). In September 2020, a cockscomb plant (Celosia argentea var. cristata) showing typical galling root symptoms likely infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) was collected from a garden in Taichung, Taiwan, and a quick exam of several individuals using MK7F/R primers (7) indicating they were M. enterolobii. Nematode population was established from a single egg mass and was later used for species identification and pathogenicity tests. Five perineal patterns of mature females from the single female population show round to oval shapes with weak lateral lines. Dorsal arches are moderate to high, almost squared, with the smooth ventral striae. Second-stage juveniles are vermiform and have a slender tail, tapering to rounded tip with distinct hyaline region at the tail terminus. Morphological measurements of 28 J2s revealed body length = 457.2 ± 20.6 (416.1-506.9) μm, body width = 16.0 ± 2.0 (13.4-20.3) μm, stylet length = 14.7 ± 0.5 (13.9-15.9) μm, dorsal gland orifice to the stylet base = 4.0 ± 0.5 (2.0-4.8) μm, and tail length = 56.0 ± 3.8 (47.4-60.3) μm. Female perineal patterns and morphometric data are similar to the original description of Meloidogyne enterolobii (9). DNA purified from approximately 1500 juveniles using GeneMark Tissue & Cell Genomic DNA Purification Kit (GeneMark, Taiwan) was used to amplify 18S rDNA fragment, D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, and a COII region on mtDNA with primer sets 1A/MelR, D2A/D3B, and C2F3/1108, respectively (4,5,6). The 18S rDNA sequence (OK076893) of this study shares 99.94% nucleotide identity with those of M. enterolobii isolated from the United States (KP901058) and China (MN832688). D2D3 sequence of haplotype 1 (OK076898) shows 100% identity to those of M. enterolobii from China (MT193450) and Taiwan (KP411230). Sequence of haplotype 2 (OK076899) shows 99.86% identity to those of M. enterolobii from the United States (MN809527) and China (MN269945). Sequence of the COII region (OK086042) show 99.86% identity to that of M. enterolobii from China (MN269945). Phylogenetic trees of the three gene sequences were plotted following Ye et al.(10), revealing that the newly described root-knot nematode on Cockscomb is grouped with other M. enterolobii isolates. DNA fragment amplified by primer sets Me-F/R(3) and MK7F/R specifically targeting of M. enterolobii yielded 236 bp and 520 bp, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were assayed, from July to September 2021, on three-week-old nematode-free cockscomb plant directly germinated from seeds of SkyStar® (ASUSA SPIKE SEEDS, Taipei, Taiwan) planted in a 10.5 cm diameter pot filled with 600 ml sterilized peat moss: sand (1:1, v/v) soil in a 28℃walk-in chamber. Nematode eggs were extracted using 0.05% NaoCl as described by Vrain(8), and cockscomb plants (n=3) were inoculated by adding 6000 eggs (10 eggs/ cm3). Cockscomb plants treated with water were used as mock controls. Rf value of the inoculated plants were determined by the method of Belair and Benoit (1) 45 days after inoculation, and the average was 4.13. No galls were observed on the roots of control plants. The results confirmed that cockscomb is the new host of M. enterolobii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. enterolobii on Celosia argentea var. cristata in Taiwan.

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First Report of Meloidogyne marylandi Infecting Bermudagrass in Oklahoma

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-14-0399-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 1286-1286 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. Walker

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Similar Species ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Egg Masses ◽

First Report ◽

Mean Width ◽

Ultradwarf Bermudagrass

Meloidogyne marylandi is a nematode commonly associated with turfgrasses and has been reported to occur in Texas and Arkansas (1,3). In the fall of 2013, a stand of ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) plants in a sand-based, research putting green in Stillwater, Oklahoma, exhibited symptoms of decline. Roots of the affected plants had small galls and upon staining of the root system, numerous egg masses were evident. Egg masses were collected, placed in water, and the morphology of 20 hatched, second-stage juveniles were examined. The characteristics of the juveniles were: body length averaged 393.1 ± 19.87 (range: 361 to 425) μm, mean width averaged 16.6 ± 0.7 (15.6 to 17.8) μm, stylet lengths averaged 12.1 ± 0.7 (10.4 to 12.9) μm, dorsal gland orifice from stylet base averaged 2.9 ± 0.4 (2.5 to 3.6) μm, tail lengths averaged 53.7 ± 3.8 (46.2 to 60.4) μm, and the hyaline region of the tails averaged 10.4 ± 1.1 (8.4 to 12.7) μm. Genomic DNA was extracted from six females that were removed from roots. Amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and 16S rRNA genes was performed with primers 1RNAF (5′-TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT-3′) and CO11R (5′-GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGG-3′) as previously described (2). A PCR product approximately 510 bp in length was obtained and sequenced at the Oklahoma State University Core Facility. Sequences were compared with those in NCBI's nucleotide database using BLAST and had 97% identity with two sequences from M. marylandi (KC473862.1 and KC473863.1) and the next most similar species being M. graminis (JN241898.1) with 83% identity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. marylandi in Oklahoma. As bermudagrass becomes more commonly used for putting greens in the turfgrass transition zone, M. marylandi may become a more common and damaging pathogen in the region. References: (1) A. A. Elmi et al. Grass For. Sci. 55:166, 2000. (2) M. A. McClure et al. Plant Dis. 96:635, 2012. (3) J. L. Starr et al. Nematrop. 37:43, 2007.

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First Report of the Northern Root-knot Nematode on Sainfoin in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-70-694b ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 694b ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

F. A. Gray

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

First Report

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First Report of Anthracnose of Sunflower Sprouts Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in New Mexico

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-12-0805-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (6) ◽

pp. 838-838

Author(s):

J. M. French ◽

J. J. Randall ◽

R. A. Stamler ◽

A. C. Segura ◽

N. P. Goldberg

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Koch’S Postulates ◽

First Report ◽

Koch's Postulates

In December 2011, edible sunflower sprouts (Helianthus annus) of two different commercially grown cultivars (Sungrown and Tiensvold) exhibiting stem and cotyledon lesions were submitted to the New Mexico State University Plant Clinic for disease diagnosis. The sample originated from an organic farm in Santa Fe County where the grower utilizes a small indoor growing facility. Stem lesions were elongate, reddish brown, and often constricted, resulting in stem girdling. Lesions on the cotyledons were dark brown with tan centers and round to irregular in shape. In some cases, the entire cotyledon was blighted. Fungal hyphae were observed on some lesions using a dissecting microscope. Colletotrichum acutatum was isolated from stem and cotyledon lesions when symptomatic tissue was plated on water agar. Conidia were fusiform ranging from 6.4 to 18.4 μm long and 2.1 to 5.1 μm wide and averaged 11.9 μm × 3.4 μm. Spores were measured from cream-colored colonies produced on acidified potato dextrose agar. PCR amplification and sequence analysis of 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacers I and II was performed using primers ITS4 and ITS6 (2). An amplification product of approximately 600 base pairs in size was directly sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JX444690). A BLAST search of the NCBI total nucleotide collection revealed a 99% identity to multiple C. acutatum (syn: C. simmondsii) isolates. Four isolates were identified as C. acutatum based on morphological characteristics and DNA analysis. Koch's postulates were performed using four isolates of the pathogen and the two commercial sunflower cultivars (Sungrown and Tiensvold) originally submitted for disease analysis. Sunflower seeds were imbibed in distilled water for 24 h then sewn into peat plugs. Prior to seed germination, 5 ml of a C. acutatum spore solution (1 × 106/ml) from each isolate was applied to five peat plugs using an atomizer. Control plants were inoculated with distilled water and otherwise treated identically. Both sunflower cultivars were inoculated with each isolate of the pathogen and the test was replicated twice. The sewn peat plugs were incubated for 5 days at 21°C and 50% relative humidity. Symptoms similar to the original samples were present on 100% of the sprouts after 5 days. PCR and sequence analysis performed on cultures obtained from lesions showed a 100% match to the original New Mexico isolates fulfilling Koch's postulates. In an indoor organic facility, such as the one in NM, this disease has the potential to be very difficult to manage and the potential to infect a high percentage of the crop resulting in significant economic losses. To our knowledge, this is the second report of C. acutatum on sunflower sprouts in the United States (1) and the first report in New Mexico. References: (1) S. T. Koike et al. Plant Dis. 93:1351, 2009. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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First Report of Potato mop top virus Causing Potato Tuber Necrosis in Colorado and New Mexico

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-14-0819-pdn ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 164-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. Mallik ◽

N. C. Gudmestad

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

North Dakota ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

The United States ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Tuber Necrosis ◽

Potato Mop Top Virus

Potato mop top virus (PMTV) is considered the type member of the genus Pomovirus. PMTV is an important pathogen of potato vectored by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss), which causes powdery scab of potato (1). Sss and PMTV are usually associated with cool and humid environments. PMTV-infected potato tubers generally exhibit internal hollow necrotic spots or concentric rings, and the virus is known to cause significant economic losses in Northern Europe, North and South America, and Asia (4). PMTV in the United States was first reported in Maine (2). Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers cv. FL2048 and cv. Atlantic were sent to our laboratory from fields in Saguache County in Colorado and in San Juan County in New Mexico, respectively, during the spring of 2013. The tubers from both locations had multiple, internal, concentric, necrotic arcs and circles. Internal tissue with necrotic lesion from six symptomatic tubers from each location were crushed in liquid nitrogen followed by ribonucleic acid extraction using a Total RNA Isolation kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI). These extracts were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using three different sets of previously published primers for molecular detection of PMTV. The primer set H360/C819 targeting the coat protein (CP) on RNA 3 of PMTV yielded an amplicon (H360-CO and H360-NM) of 460 bp (4). The second set of primers, pmtF4/pmtR4 (5), amplified a 417-bp product (PMTF-CO and PMTF-NM) in RNA 2, and the third set, PMTV-P9/PMTV-M9 (3), designed to amplify the region encoding an 8-KD cysteine-rich protein in RNA 3 of PMTV, yielded a 507-bp amplicon (PMTV9-CO and PMTV9-NM). The amplicons generated from RT-PCR using all three sets were cloned (PGEMT-easy) and sequenced. Since the sequences from symptomatic tuber extracts from each location were identical to their respective primer sets, a consensus sequence from each primer set was submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank. Sequences obtained from the H360/C819 primer set (GenBank Accession Nos. KM207013 and KM207014 for H360-CO and H360-NM, respectively) were 100% identical to the corresponding CP regions of PMTV isolates from North Dakota (HM776172). Sequences from the pmtF4/pmtR4 primer set (KM207015 and KM207016 for PMTF-CO and PMTF-NM, respectively) were 100% identical to the corresponding protein in RNA2 of PMTV isolates from North Dakota (GenBank HM776171), and sequences from the PMTV-P9/PMTV-M9 primer set (KM207017 and KM207018 for PMTV9-CO and PMTV9-NM respectively) were 99% identical to the corresponding protein in RNA3 of PMTV isolates (AY187010). The 100-99% homology of the sequences from this study to the corresponding PMTV sequences published in NCBI confirmed the occurrence of symptoms in the tubers from both Colorado and New Mexico due to PMTV. None of the symptomatic tubers tested positive for Tobacco rattle virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Potato leafroll virus, or the necrotic strains of Potato virus Y by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PMTV in potato in states of Colorado and New Mexico. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones and B. D. Harrsion. Ann. Appl. Biol. 63:1, 1969. (2) D. H. Lambert et al. Plant Dis. 87:872, 2003. (3) T. Nakayama et al. Am. J. Pot. Res. 87:218, 2010. (4) J. Santala et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. Online publication. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00423.x (5) H. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 88:363, 2004.

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