First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne floridensis on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Florida

The state of Florida is the largest producer of fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in the United States with 2003 yields of 634 million kg on 17,700 ha valued at 516 million dollars. Effective crop management is essential for production of vegetables in Florida because of the presence of intense pest pressure. The identification of the pests present is the first step in the development of a successful IPM (integrated pest management) program. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are common nematodes that parasitize vegetables in Florida and cause significant yield reductions when not properly managed. In 2003 field experiments, soil was collected from two research farms in Saint Lucie and Seminole counties in Florida. Galling caused by root-knot nematode was observed on tomato at both locations. Since females suitable for identification are difficult to obtain from field-grown roots, field soil was placed in pots in the greenhouse and planted with Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers. Standard morphological techniques, differential host tests, and isozyme phenotypes were used in nematode identification. Female root-knot nematodes were extracted from tomato roots and placed in extraction buffer (10% wt/vol sucrose, 2% vol/vol Triton X-100, 0.01% wt/vol bromophenol blue). The females were crushed, loaded on a polyacrylamide gel, and separated by electrophoresis using the PhastSystem (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The activities of malate dehydrogenase and esterase enzymes were detected using standard techniques. Isozyme phenotypes consistent with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood as well as with the newly described M. floridensis Handoo (1) were observed at both locations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. floridensis naturally occurring on tomato in Florida. The identification and distribution of M. floridensis in vegetable production fields is important for disease management throughout the state since the host range is likely different from other Meloidogyne spp. Reference: (1) Z. A. Handoo et al. J. Nematol. 36:20, 2004.

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First Report of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on Sunflowers in Mozambique

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1333e ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (11) ◽

pp. 1333-1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Zazzerini ◽

L. Tosi ◽

P. M. Vicente

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Personal Communication ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

African Countries ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

First Report ◽

Alternaria Helianthi ◽

Disease Surveys ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) recently was reintroduced to Mozambique because of renewed interest in oil-seed production for domestic consumption. In April 1997, disease surveys were carried out in two fields in southern Mozambique (Maputo region). Several plants of Pan 735, a South African cultivar, showed yellowing of the leaves and stunting. These plants wilted during the day but recovered their turgidity at night. Diseased plants were easily pulled from the soil due to almost complete destruction of the root system. Numerous galls were found on affected roots, compared with healthy plants. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood were identified by M. Di Vito (personal communication) based on 20 female perineal patterns observed with a light microscope. M. incognita was more prevalent than M. javanica. Also observed were Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki & Nishihara and Sclerotium bataticola Taub. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), common on sunflower, cause severe damage and reduce both seed yield and seed oil content (1). These two nematode species have also been observed on sunflower in other African countries (Zambia, South Africa, Egypt) but this is the first report of root-knot nematode on sunflower in Mozambique. Reference: (1) M. Di Vito et al. Nematol. Medit. 24:109, 1996.

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First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan in Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1128c ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (10) ◽

pp. 1128-1128 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. T. Crow ◽

R. Levin ◽

L. A. Halsey ◽

J. R. Rich

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

The United States ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

First Report ◽

Nut Production ◽

Bare Root ◽

Meloidogyne Sp

Pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wagenh.) K. Koch) is an important tree in the southern United States for commercial nut production and residential use. Meloidogyne partityla (pecan root-knot nematode) is only known to parasitize trees in the Juglandaceae including pecan, walnut, and hickory. In the United States, it has been reported on pecan in Texas, New Mexico, and Georgia and internationally in South Africa. Portions of a large pecan nursery in Madison County, Florida were infested with an unknown species of root-knot nematode. The pecan trees at this nursery are grafted onto rootstock and grown in the field until the trees are large enough to sell as bare-root transplant stock in several states including and adjoining Florida. Trees infected by the root-knot nematodes were stunted, had extensive galling and rotting of the root system, and pulled from the ground relatively easily compared with noninfected trees. Attempts to rear these nematodes on tomato in the greenhouse were unsuccessful. Young egg-laying females were isolated directly from pecan roots for speciation. Enzymes extracted from females were resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [4% stacking (pH 6.8) and 8% separating gel (pH 8.8) with Tris-glycine buffer]. The esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) phenotypes of the unknown Meloidogyne sp. were consistent with those reported for M. partityla. In addition, specimens of M. partityla maintained by the USDA Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory in Byron, GA were obtained and their Est and Mdh phenotypes compared with the unknown Meloidogyne sp. under identical electrophoretic and enzyme staining protocols. The Est and Mdh phenotypes of the two isolates were identical. Therefore, we conclude that the root-knot nematodes infesting the pecan nursery in Florida are M. partityla. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this nematode in Florida and also the first report of this nematode from infected nursery stock. It is unknown how long the field has been infested but clearly, there is potential for spread of M. partityla to locations around Florida and bordering states. This nematode may be widespread throughout pecan-growing regions of the United States. References: (1) K. P. N. Kleynhans. Phytophylactica 18:103, 1986. (2) A. P. Nyczepir et al. Plant Dis. 86:441, 2002. (3) J. L. Starr et al. J. Nematol. 28:565, 1996. (4) S. H. Thomas et al. Plant Dis. 85:1030, 2001.

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Reactions of lines of Phaseolus atropurpureus to four species of root-knot nematode

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9720623 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 623

Author(s):

EM Hutton ◽

WT Williams ◽

LB Beall

Keyword(s):

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Differential Resistance ◽

Meloidogyne Arenaria ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Increased Susceptibility

In each of two years the reactions of 36 lines of Phaseolus atropurpureus to the four root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica were studied. Seven of the experimental lines were common to the two years. Two known susceptible species, Phaseolus lathyroides and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato cv. Grosse Lisse), were used as controls. Four macroscopic and four microscopic reactions were recorded on each occasion, and the results analysed. Resistance to the four nematodes was present in all lines of P. atropurpureus. There was also evidence of differential resistance between lines; some showed increased resistance to all nematodes except M. hapla, and others showed both increased susceptibility to M. hapla and increased resistance to M. javanica. The severity of attack on thc controls was significantly less in the second ycar. Several explanations for this are advanced.

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Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. parasitising potato in Brazil and aggressiveness of M. javanica populations on susceptible cultivars

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Israel L. Medina ◽

Cesar B. Gomes ◽

Valdir R. Correa ◽

Vanessa S. Mattos ◽

Philippe Castagnone-Sereno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Rapd Markers ◽

Potato Production ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Reproduction ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Prevalent Species ◽

Reproduction Factor

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) significantly impact potato production worldwide and in Brazil they are considered one of the most important group of nematodes affecting potatoes. The objectives of this study were to survey Meloidogyne spp. associated with potatoes in Brazil, determine their genetic diversity and assess the aggressiveness of M. javanica on two susceptible potato cultivars. Fifty-seven root-knot nematode populations were identified using esterase phenotyping, including Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica. Overall, root-knot nematodes were present in ca 43% of sampled sites, in which M. javanica was the most prevalent species, and the phenotypes Est J3, J2a and J2 occurred in 91.2, 6.7 and 2.1% of the positive samples, respectively. Other species, such as M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica, were found less frequently and occurred at rates of 6.4, 4.3 and 2.1% of the samples, respectively. Sometimes, M. javanica was found in mixtures with other root-knot nematodes in ca 10.6% of sites containing Meloidogyne. After confirming the identification of 17 isolates of M. javanica and one isolate each of M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica by SCAR markers, the populations were used to infer their genetic diversity using RAPD markers. Results revealed low intraspecifc genetic diversity among isolates (13.9%) for M. javanica. Similarly, M. javanica sub-populations (J2a) clustered together (81% of bootstrap), indicating subtle variation from typical J3 populations. The aggressiveness of four populations of M. javanica from different Brazilian states on two susceptible potato cultivars was tested under glasshouse conditions. Results indicated differences in aggressiveness among these populations and showed that potato disease was proportional to nematode reproduction factor.

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First Report of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan in New Mexico

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.9.1030b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (9) ◽

pp. 1030-1030 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. H. Thomas ◽

J. M. Fuchs ◽

Z. A. Handoo

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Carya Illinoensis ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Egg Masses ◽

First Report ◽

Additional Information ◽

Dona Ana County ◽

Normal Fertilization

For several years, decline was observed in mature pecan (Carya illinoensis (F.A. Wangenheim) K. Koch) trees in an orchard in Dona Ana County, New Mexico despite normal fertilization and irrigation practices. Affected trees were growing in sandy soil in two widely separated irrigation terraces and exhibited chlorosis of foliage and substantial die-back of branches in the upper canopy. Examination of feeder roots revealed the presence of numerous small galls and egg masses, with root-knot nematode females often visibly protruding from root tissue. Attempts to culture the nematode on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Rutgers’) were unsuccessful. Females and egg masses were collected from fresh pecan roots and sent to the USDA Nematology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD, in October 2000, where specimens were identified as Meloidogyne partityla Kleynhans (1) based on morphological examination. This is the first report of M. partityla from New Mexico, and the second report of this nematode outside South Africa. Starr et al. (2) first reported M. partityla from pecan in the United States in 1996, after recovering the nematode from five orchards in Texas. In their study, the host range of M. partityla was limited to members of the Juglandaceae, which may explain the inability of the New Mexico population to reproduce on tomato. Additional information is needed regarding distribution of this nematode within pecan-growing regions throughout North America. References: (1) K. P. N. Kleynhans. Phytophylactica 18:103, 1986. (2) J. L. Starr et al. J. Nematol. 28:565, 1996.

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First Report of Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 in American Vitis spp. Grapevines in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-1461a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. 1461-1461 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. J. Soule ◽

K. C. Eastwell ◽

R. A. Naidu

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Virus Disease ◽

The United States ◽

Washington State ◽

The State ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Table Grapes

Washington State is the largest producer of juice grapes (Vitis labruscana ‘Concord’ and Vitis labrusca ‘Niagara’) and ranks second in wine grape production in the United States. Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is the most wide spread and economically significant virus disease in wine grapes in the state. Previous studies (2) have shown that Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3) is the predominant virus associated with GLD. However, little is known about the incidence and economic impact of GLD on juice and table grapes. Because typical GLD symptoms may not be obvious among these cultivars, the prevalence and economic impact of GLD in Concord and Niagara, the most widely planted cultivars in Washington State, has received little attention from the grape and nursery industries. During the 2005 growing season, 32 samples from three vineyards and one nursery of ‘Concord’ and three samples from one nursery of ‘Niagara’ were collected randomly. Petiole extracts were tested by single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 3) with primers LC 1 (5′-CGC TAG GGC TGT GGA AGT ATT-3′) and LC 2 (5′-GTT GTC CCG GGT ACC AGA TAT-3′), specific for the heat shock protein 70 homologue (Hsp70h gene) of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). One ‘Niagara’ nursery sample and eleven ‘Concord’ samples from the three vineyards tested positive for GLRaV-3, producing a single band of the expected size of 546 bp. The ‘Niagara’ and six of the ‘Concord’ RT-PCR products were cloned in pCR2.1 (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) and the sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ780885, DQ780886, DQ780887, DQ780888, DQ780889, DQ780890, and DQ780891) compared with the respective sequence of a New York isolate of GLRaV-3 (GenBank Accession No. AF037268). The analysis revealed that GLRaV-3 isolates from ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ share nucleotide identities of 94 to 98% and amino acid identities and similarities of 97 to 98% with the Hsp70h gene homologue of the New York isolate of GLRaV-3. Additional testing by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) using antibodies specific to GLRaV-3 (BIOREBA AG, Reinach, Switzerland) further confirmed these results in the ‘Niagara’ and two of the ‘Concord’ isolates. GLRaV-3 has previously been reported in labrusca cvs. Concord and Niagara in western New York (4) and Canada (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of GLRaV-3 in American grapevine species in the Pacific Northwest. Because wine and juice grapes are widely grown in proximity to each other in Washington State and grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus), the putative vector of GLRaV-3, is present in the state vineyards, further studies will focus on the role of American grapevine species in the epidemiology of GLD. References: (1) D. J. MacKenzie et al. Plant Dis. 80:955, 1996. (2) R. R. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 89:763, 2005. (3) A. Rowhani et al. ICGV, Extended Abstracts, 13:148, 2000. (4) W. F. Wilcox et al. Plant Dis. 82:1062, 1998.

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne artiellia in Belgium

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-12-0720-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 152-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Damme ◽

L. Waeyenberge ◽

N. Viaene ◽

T. van Hoenselaar ◽

G. Karssen

Keyword(s):

Arable Land ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Proteinase K ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Isozyme Electrophoresis ◽

First Report ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Meloidogyne Spp

In 2011, second-stage juveniles (J2) of an unknown root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) were detected during a routine survey for root-knot nematodes on arable land in Harveng, Belgium, after a crop of wheat. Most of the loamy soil samples (36 out of 42) contained J2 of the common root-knot nematode M. naasi Franklin, 1965 (1), while 15 of these also contained the unknown species, albeit in lower densities (22 J2/100 ml vs. 157 J2/100 ml soil). After detailed morphological observation of the unknown J2, they were until further notice identified as Meloidogyne artiellia Franklin, 1961 (2), the British root-knot nematode. To confirm the identification, a pure culture of M. artiellia was established by adding nematode suspensions to pots planted with kale (Brassica oleracea var. laciniata), a non-host for M. naasi (3). After 2 months, Meloidogyne spp. females, males, and J2 were isolated from galled kale roots. Morphological characteristics (n = 25) from the perineal pattern (rounded with fine striae, lateral area with coarse ridges, angular dorsal arch) and stylet knobs (small, ovoid, and backwardly sloping) for the females, the head shape (set off with distinct head cap) and stylet knobs (small, ovoid and backwardly sloping) for the males, the hemizonid position (anterior, adjacent to S to E pore), tail shape (conical), and short tail length (18 to 27 μm) for the J2, fit with previous observed populations of M. artiellia (3). Young egg-laying females were used for isozyme electrophoresis, and showed typical malate dehydrogenase (N1b) and esterase (M2-VF1) patterns (3). Additionally, DNA was extracted from single juveniles by incubating them in a lysis buffer (200 mM NaCl, 200 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 1% β-mercaptoethanol and 800 μg/ml Proteinase K) during 1.5 h at 65°C and 5 min at 99°C in a thermocycler. One microliter of crude DNA extract was used for PCR. ITS-rDNA sequencing (GenBank Accession Numbers JX393299 and JX393300) confirmed the identity, showing a 98 to 100% homology with other M. artiellia sequences (AY150368 and AF248478). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode, M. artiellia, in Belgium. This nematode has been reported from the Mediterranean area, where it causes damage on chickpea and wheat (4), as well as from the U.K. Its finding in Harveng, close to the French border, suggests a more extensive geographical distribution. References: (1) M. T. Franklin. Nematologica 11:79, 1965. (2) M. T. Franklin et al. Suppl.:85, 1961. (3) G. Karssen. Pages 93-97 in: The Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne Göldi, 1892 (Tylenchida) in Europe, Brill Leiden, The Netherlands, 2002. (4) M. Di Vito and N. Greco. Revue Nématol. 11:223, 1988.

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Meloidogyne hapla, the Northern Root-Knot Nematode, in Florida Strawberries and Associated Double-Cropped Vegetables

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-in1224-2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Johan Desaeger

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Extension Agents ◽

Crop Loss ◽

Meloidogyne Hapla ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Fact Sheet ◽

Nematode Parasites ◽

And Behavior

Northern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla) are rather uncommon nematode parasites of strawberries and vegetables in Florida, but when present they are capable of causing significant crop loss. Root-knot nematodes are largely unknown to strawberry growers in Florida and very little is known about their biology and behavior in the state. This 5-page fact sheet written by J. Desaeger and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Entomology and Nematology is intended to educate and provide information on this nematode to researchers, Extension agents, growers, industry representatives, and other stakeholders in the strawberry and vegetable community. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1224

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Curcuma longa in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-17-0409-pdn ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (10) ◽

pp. 1826-1826

Author(s):

M. Hall ◽

K. Lawrence ◽

W. Groover ◽

D. Shannon ◽

T. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

First Report

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First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii on Cockscomb (Celosia argentea var. cristata) in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-21-2126-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jo Tzu Ho ◽

Che-Chang Liang ◽

P. Janet Chen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

18S Rdna ◽

The United States ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

First Report ◽

Meloidogyne Enterolobii ◽

Celosia Argentea ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Primer Sets ◽

Coii Region

Cockscomb (Celosia argentea) is commonly found in subtropical and temperate zones of Africa, South America and South East Asia, and is a popular ornamental plant in the family Amaranthaceae. Cockscomb has been known to contain antiviral proteins, betalains, and anthocyanin, which can be applied in beneficial ways (2). In September 2020, a cockscomb plant (Celosia argentea var. cristata) showing typical galling root symptoms likely infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) was collected from a garden in Taichung, Taiwan, and a quick exam of several individuals using MK7F/R primers (7) indicating they were M. enterolobii. Nematode population was established from a single egg mass and was later used for species identification and pathogenicity tests. Five perineal patterns of mature females from the single female population show round to oval shapes with weak lateral lines. Dorsal arches are moderate to high, almost squared, with the smooth ventral striae. Second-stage juveniles are vermiform and have a slender tail, tapering to rounded tip with distinct hyaline region at the tail terminus. Morphological measurements of 28 J2s revealed body length = 457.2 ± 20.6 (416.1-506.9) μm, body width = 16.0 ± 2.0 (13.4-20.3) μm, stylet length = 14.7 ± 0.5 (13.9-15.9) μm, dorsal gland orifice to the stylet base = 4.0 ± 0.5 (2.0-4.8) μm, and tail length = 56.0 ± 3.8 (47.4-60.3) μm. Female perineal patterns and morphometric data are similar to the original description of Meloidogyne enterolobii (9). DNA purified from approximately 1500 juveniles using GeneMark Tissue & Cell Genomic DNA Purification Kit (GeneMark, Taiwan) was used to amplify 18S rDNA fragment, D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, and a COII region on mtDNA with primer sets 1A/MelR, D2A/D3B, and C2F3/1108, respectively (4,5,6). The 18S rDNA sequence (OK076893) of this study shares 99.94% nucleotide identity with those of M. enterolobii isolated from the United States (KP901058) and China (MN832688). D2D3 sequence of haplotype 1 (OK076898) shows 100% identity to those of M. enterolobii from China (MT193450) and Taiwan (KP411230). Sequence of haplotype 2 (OK076899) shows 99.86% identity to those of M. enterolobii from the United States (MN809527) and China (MN269945). Sequence of the COII region (OK086042) show 99.86% identity to that of M. enterolobii from China (MN269945). Phylogenetic trees of the three gene sequences were plotted following Ye et al.(10), revealing that the newly described root-knot nematode on Cockscomb is grouped with other M. enterolobii isolates. DNA fragment amplified by primer sets Me-F/R(3) and MK7F/R specifically targeting of M. enterolobii yielded 236 bp and 520 bp, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were assayed, from July to September 2021, on three-week-old nematode-free cockscomb plant directly germinated from seeds of SkyStar® (ASUSA SPIKE SEEDS, Taipei, Taiwan) planted in a 10.5 cm diameter pot filled with 600 ml sterilized peat moss: sand (1:1, v/v) soil in a 28℃walk-in chamber. Nematode eggs were extracted using 0.05% NaoCl as described by Vrain(8), and cockscomb plants (n=3) were inoculated by adding 6000 eggs (10 eggs/ cm3). Cockscomb plants treated with water were used as mock controls. Rf value of the inoculated plants were determined by the method of Belair and Benoit (1) 45 days after inoculation, and the average was 4.13. No galls were observed on the roots of control plants. The results confirmed that cockscomb is the new host of M. enterolobii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. enterolobii on Celosia argentea var. cristata in Taiwan.

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