Botrytis porri in Onion Seed Crops and Onion Seed

Nine fields direct-seeded with onion (Allium cepa L.) were surveyed in central Washington in the spring and summer of 2001 for Botrytis species associated with onion seed crops produced in this semiarid region. Forty plants were sampled from each field in a ‘W’ pattern in April, and 20 plants were similarly sampled from each field in June and July. Each plant was placed in a separate plastic bag, stored at 4 ± 2°C for 3 to 5 weeks, sliced lengthwise using a knife sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol, incubated in a moist chamber for 5 days, and examined under a dissecting microscope. Fungal growth resembling Botrytis spp. was transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) for species identification based on colony morphology, rate of growth, and spore and sclerotium characteristics (3). Cultures were incubated on a laboratory bench at 24 ± 4°C with 8 to 16 h of daylight. A species resembling B. porri (3) was detected in 3 fields in April at an incidence ranging from 3 to 28%, and in 2 of the same 3 fields in each of June and July at incidences ranging from 5 to 10%. Infected plants were asymptomatic at the time of sampling. The isolates formed brown, cerebriform sclerotia and sporulated sparsely. Subsamples of seed harvested from each field were assayed for Botrytis spp. To detect internal infection, 400 seeds from each of the nine fields were soaked in 0.525% NaOCl for 60 s, triple-rinsed in sterile deionized water, air dried, placed on a selective agar medium (2) with 20 seed per 9-cm-diameter petri plate, and incubated at 24°C (12 h day/night) for 14 days. Seeds were examined 5, 10, and 14 days after plating, and fungi resembling Botrytis spp. were transferred to acidified PDA for species determination. Isolates resembling B. porri were detected in 0.75% of seed from two of the three fields in which this species was isolated from plant samples. The internal transcribed spacer 1 region of ribosomal DNA of four isolates of the putative B. porri (two from plant samples and two from seed) were sequenced, and all four sequences matched that of B. porri registered in GenBank (Accession No. Z99666) most closely. Botrytis porri is a pathogen of garlic (A. sativum L.), leek (A. porrum L.), and wild garlic (A. vineale L.), but can infect onion and shallot (A. ascalonicum L.) when inoculated on these hosts (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of onion by B. porri, and the first report of seedborne B. porri on onion. References: (1) W. R. Jarvis. Pathology. Page 62 in: Botryotinia and Botrytis Species: Taxonomy, Physiology, and Pathogenicity. Canada Department of Agriculture, Monograph No. 15, 1977. (2) G. Kritzman and D. Netzer. Phytoparasitica 6:3, 1978. (3) A. H. Presly. Plant Pathol. 34:422, 1985.

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First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Onion and Leek in Western Oregon

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-4-0468a ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 468-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. H. Gent ◽

R. R. Martin ◽

C. M. Ocamb

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Yellow Spot ◽

Onion Bulb ◽

Spot Virus ◽

First Report ◽

Seed Crop ◽

Onion Seed ◽

Seed Crops

Onion (Allium cepa) and leek (Allium porrum) are grown on approximately 600 ha in western Oregon annually for bulb and seed production. During July and August of 2006, surveys of onion bulb crops and onion and leek seed crops in western Oregon found plants with symptoms of elongated to diamond-shaped, straw-colored lesions characteristic of those caused by Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) (1–4). Symptomatic plants were collected from fields of an onion bulb crop, an onion seed crop, and two leek seed crops located in Marion County. The onion bulb crop had been planted in the spring of 2006, and the onion and leek seed crops had been planted in the fall of 2005, all direct seeded. Cultivar names were not provided for proprietary purposes. Symptomatic plants in the onion bulb crop and leek seed crop generally were found near the borders of the field. Disease incidence was less than 5% and yield losses in these crops appeared to be negligible. In the onion seed crop, symptomatic plants were found throughout the field and disease incidence was approximately 20%. Approximately 1% of the onion plants in this field had large necrotic lesions that caused the seed stalks (scapes) to lodge. The presence of IYSV was confirmed from symptomatic leaves and scapes by ELISA (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) using antiserum specific to IYSV. RNA was extracted from symptomatic areas of onion leaves and scapes, and a portion of the nucleocapsid gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR. The amplicons were sequenced and found to share more than 99% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with an onion isolate of IYSV from the Imperial Valley of California (GenBank Accession No. DQ233475). In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, IYSV has been confirmed in the semi-arid regions of central Oregon (1), central Washington (2), and the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwest Idaho (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease on a host crop in the mild, maritime region west of the Cascade Mountain Range and the first report of IYSV on leek seed crops in the United States, which complements a simultaneous report of IYSV on commercial leek in Colorado. The presence of IYSV may have implications for the iris and other ornamental bulb industries in western Oregon and western Washington. This report underscores the need for further research to determine the impact of the disease on allium crops and other hosts and the development of effective management programs for IYSV and the vector, Thrips tabaci. References: (1) F. J. Crowe and H. R. Pappu. Plant Dis. 89:105, 2005. (2) L. J. du Toit et al. Plant Dis. 88:222, 2004. (3) J. M. Hall et al. Plant Dis. 77:952, 1993. (4) H. F. Schwartz et al. Plant Dis. 91:113, 2007.

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First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Garlic in India

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-8-1066c ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (8) ◽

pp. 1066-1066 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. J. Gawande ◽

A. Khar ◽

K. E. Lawande

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

The United States ◽

Iris Yellow Spot Virus ◽

Yellow Spot ◽

N Gene ◽

Spot Virus ◽

First Report ◽

Qiagen Gmbh ◽

The World ◽

Seed Crops

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a spice crop of prime importance in India as well as other parts of the world. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is an important pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops in many parts of the world (3). The virus is also known to infect garlic and other Allium spp. (2–4). IYSV infection of garlic was reported from Reunion Island (4) and the United States (1). In February 2010, straw-colored, spindle-shaped spots with poorly defined ends were observed on the leaves of a garlic crop at the research farm of the Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research in the Pune District of Maharashtra State, India, 105 days after planting. The spots coalesced to form larger patches on the leaves, suggesting possible IYSV infection. Symptoms were visible on older leaves and more prevalent on cv. G-41, G-282, AC50, AC200, AC283, and Godavari than on other cultivars. The incidence of symptomatic plants was estimated at 5% for G-41 and AC-200, 8% for G-282 and AC283, and 10% for AC50. Leaves were sampled from 40 symptomatic plants per cultivar with each sample composited from young, middle, and older (basal) leaves of the plant. Samples were assayed by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (Loewe Biochemica GmbH, Sauerlach, Germany) and each tested positive for the virus. Total RNA was extracted from the leaves of ELISA-positive plants using the RNAeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and tested by reverse transcription-PCR assay using primers IYSV-F (5′-TCAGAAATCGAGAAACTT-3′) and IYSV-R (5′-TAATTATATCTATCTTTCTTGG-3′) (2) designed to amplify 797 bp of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IYSV. Amplicons of expected size were obtained and cloned into a pDrive vector (Qiagen GmbH). The recombinant clone was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HM173691). Sequence comparisons showed 98 to 100% nt identity with other IYSV N gene sequences in GenBank (Nos. EU310294 and EU310286). A phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the N gene showed that the garlic isolate of IYSV grouped most closely with onion IYSV isolates from India (GenBank Nos. EU310294, EU310286, EU310300, and EU310296). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of garlic by IYSV in India. Additional surveys and evaluations are needed to obtain a better understanding of the potential impact of IYSV on garlic production in India. References: (1) S. Bag et al. Plant Dis. 93:839, 2009. (2) A. Bulajic et al. Plant Dis. 93:976, 2009. (3) D. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006. (4) I. Robène-Soustrade et al. Plant Pathol. 55:288, 2006.

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First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces biocellatus on Peppermint in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-2-0276c ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 276-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. B. Marcum ◽

K. Perez ◽

R. M. Davis

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Universal Primers ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Exact Match ◽

First Report ◽

Plastic Bag ◽

The One ◽

Shasta County ◽

Disease Free

In August of 2009, powdery mildew was observed on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in several commercial fields in the Fall River Valley of eastern Shasta County, California. Plant growth was apparently reduced by the disease, but its impact on yield was unknown. White fungal growth was restricted to the adaxial surfaces, where colonies were thin and effused. Heavily infected leaves developed a reddish tint as growth prematurely ceased. Doliform conidia ([26.6-] 29.2 [-31.7] × [13.2-] 15.6 [-16.8] μm) were produced in chains of approximately six conidia. Foot cells were cylindrical ([41.3-] 55.2 [-75.0] × [11.2-] 12.0 [-12.8] μm). Immature chasmothecia were yellowish brown and approximately 100.0 μm in diameter with flexuous, mycelium-like appendages up to 200 μm long. All these features were consistent with those of Golovinomyces biocellatus. Asci were not observed. To confirm the identity of the fungus, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified by PCR with universal primers ITS4 and ITS5. The sequence (537 bp) was an exact match for several submissions of G. biocellatus in GenBank (e.g., Accession No. EU035602, a sequence of the fungus from mint in Australia [1]). Pathogenicity was confirmed by brushing spores from naturally infected leaves onto three rooted cuttings of M. piperita ‘Black Mitchum’. After the plants were covered with a plastic bag for 36 h to maintain high humidity, they were kept on a greenhouse bench at 23 to 28°C. Three noninoculated plants, which served as controls, were placed in another greenhouse in similar conditions. The experiment was repeated once. All inoculated plants developed signs of powdery mildew within 7 days of inoculation whereas noninoculated plants remained disease free. The fungus on inoculated leaves was morphologically indistinguishable from the one used to inoculate the plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. biocellatus on peppermint in California. References: (1) J. R. Liberato and J. H. Cunnington. Australas, Plant Dis. Notes 2:38, 2007.

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First Report of Artichoke yellow ringspot virus in Globe Artichoke in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-13-0423-pdn ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (10) ◽

pp. 1388-1388 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. C. Paylan ◽

M. Ergun ◽

S. Erkan

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

French Bean ◽

Ringspot Virus ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Globe Artichoke ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Plant Samples ◽

Local Lesions

Turkey is one of the main globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hayek) producers in the world. Cultivation of this crop is done mainly in the Aegean and Eastern Marmara regions with asexually propagated cultivars such as Bayrampasa and Sakiz. More than half of total globe artichoke production in Turkey is obtained from the provinces of Izmir, Aydin, and Mugla in the Aegean region. Surveys in 2011 and 2012 were carried out to look for the presence of Artichoke yellow ringspot virus (AYRSV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in the globe artichoke production areas in these three provinces. Double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assays conducted for TMV and TSWV showed that the samples were not infected with these two viruses. Due to the lack of commercial ELISA kits against AYRSV, RT-PCR and biological indexing were used for its identification. Leaf tissues from 35 symptomatic and 25 symptomless plants were sampled and analyzed by RT-PCR using as template total RNAs extracted by a silica gel method (1). RT-PCR was conducted as previously reported (1). A PCR product of the expected size (about 530 bp) was obtained from five plant samples that were collected from Izmir province and had symptoms of bright yellow spots and line patterns on the leaves. The incidence of diseased plants in the fields ranged from 1 to 5%. In previously conducted studies, these symptoms were defined as typical symptoms of AYRSV on artichokes (2,3,4). One of the PCR products was cloned and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the obtained sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC622054) showed 92% nucleotide identity with the partial RNA1 sequence of an AYRSV isolate from Allium cepa (AM087671.2). Furthermore, selected test plants were mechanically inoculated with sap from plant samples that were positive in RT-PCR. Chlorotic local lesions and systemic mottling symptoms were observed on Chenopodium quinoa; chlorotic lesions, mosaic, and deformation on Cucumis sativus; and systemic mosaic, reddish necrotic local lesions, and malformation on Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean). Results of the biological tests were confirmed by RT-PCR. AYRSV has a wide host range including artichoke and six other cultivated plant species and can be easily transmitted by seed, plant sap, and vegetative propagation (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of globe artichoke by AYRSV in Turkey. AYRSV infections can have a detrimental effect on the growth and yield of artichoke plantings. This assay will be useful for further epidemiological studies. References: (1) X. Foissac et al. Acta Hortic. 550:37, 2001. (2) D. Galliitelli et al. Adv. Virus Res. 84:289, 2012. (3) P. E. Kyriakopoulou et al. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 14:139, 1985. (4) V. I. Maliogka et al. Phytopathology 96:622, 2006.

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First Report of Leaf Spot of Spinach Caused by Stemphylium botryosum in Arizona

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-1359a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (12) ◽

pp. 1359-1359 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. T. Koike ◽

M. E. Matheron ◽

L. J. du Toit

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Geographic Area ◽

First Report ◽

Stemphylium Botryosum ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Plant Disease Management ◽

Seed Crops

During the winter (December through February) of 2003-2004, and again during 2004-2005, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) crops in the Yuma region of Arizona developed a foliar disease that previously had not been diagnosed in this geographic area. The problem was found on only a few acres and severity was low. The first symptoms consisted of round to oval leaf spots that were gray to olive green and visible from both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. The spots were 3 to 6 mm in diameter but expanded up to as much as 10 mm. As disease progressed, leaf spots became tan and dry and papery in texture. Fungal growth was not observed on the spots. Isolations from the edges of surface-sterilized lesions onto V8 juice agar consistently resulted in fungal colonies. The fungus was identified as Stemphylium botryosum based on the following morphological characteristics of isolates incubated under fluorescent lights: dark green-to-brown mycelial growth, unbranched conidiophores with distinctly swollen apical cells that had dark bands, and dictyoconidia. The conidia were brown, ellipsoidal to ovoid, verrucose, borne singly, and measured 17 to 28 × 13 to 19 μm. To test pathogenicity, inoculum of each of five isolates (approximately 1 × 105 conidia/ml) was sprayed separately onto 20 to 25 plants each of spinach cvs. Whitney, Rushmore, Lion, Springfield, Nordic IV, and Unipak 144. Inoculated plants were incubated in a humidity chamber for 48 h and then maintained in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C). After 10 to 14 days, leaf spots resembling those seen in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and S. botryosum was reisolated from the spots. Control plants were similarly inoculated with water but did not develop symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of spinach caused by S. botryosum in Arizona. The possibility of seedborne S. botryosum (3) may account for the development of this disease in winter spinach crops in this arid region. Leaf spot could be damaging to spinach grown in this region if rainfall is higher than normal, such as in 2004-2005. This disease has been reported in production spinach crops in California, Delaware, Florida, and Maryland (2,4) and in spinach seed crops in Washington (1). References: (1) L. J. du Toit and M. L. Derie. Plant Dis. 85:920, 2001. (2) K. L. Everts and D. K. Armentrout. Plant Dis. 85:1209, 2001. (3) P. Hernandez-Perez and L. J. du Toit. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 95:S41, 2005. (4) R. N. Raid and T. Kucharek. 2003 Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Spinach. University of Florida, Gainesville, 2003.

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First Report of Laetisaria fuciformis Causing Red Thread on Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) in South China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-12-0053-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (9) ◽

pp. 1374-1374 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. Zhang ◽

Z. B. Nan ◽

G. D. Liu

Keyword(s):

Southern China ◽

Warm Season ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Golf Course ◽

Golf Courses ◽

Seashore Paspalum ◽

First Report ◽

Paspalum Vaginatum ◽

Plastic Bag

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) is a prostrate-growing, perennial, warm-season turfgrass native to tropical and coastal areas (2). Because of its good texture and natural tolerance to various environmental stresses, seashore paspalum has been introduced to golf courses in coastal regions of southern China. In April 2010, circular or irregular pink patches ranging from 5 to 50 cm in diameter were observed in the golf course fairway and rough established with cv. Salam on two golf courses in Haikou, Hainan Province, China. When morning dew was present or rainfall occurred, a pink layer of gelatinous fungal growth could be observed on leaves and sheaths. The green leaves of infected plants initially became water soaked, then tan to bleached, shriveled, and infested with pink or reddish, gelatinous, stranded hyphae. The hyphae matted together, then formed threadlike or antlerlike stromata from the tips of blighted leaves. Two isolates from each golf course were collected by plating diseased leaf blades, stromata, or hyphal aggregates from the blighted leaves directly onto antibiotic (0.01% gentamicin sulfate) amended potato dextrose agar. To confirm pathogenicity, isolates were inoculated on 6-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Seaspray) planted (0.5 mg seed/cm–2) in 10-cm pots. Inoculum was prepared by culturing isolates separately on an autoclaved mixture of 100 g of rye grain and 20 ml of water for 3 weeks at 25°C. Pots were inoculated by placing 2 g of infected grain within the center of the turf canopy or 2 g of sterilized, uninfested grains to serve as controls, with four replications of each treatment. After inoculation, each pot was placed in a translucent plastic bag and placed into a greenhouse at 24 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod (1). Two days after inoculation, the fungus was observed on the leaves. Approximately 40% of leaves in inoculated pots were necrotic after 7 days, and this increased to 80% after 21 days. Diseased plants in inoculated pots displayed symptoms similar to those observed in the field and no symptoms were detected on the control plants. The two isolates were successfully reisolated from all symptomatic tissues, completing Koch's postulates. Sequences of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mt-SSU) were amplified from the two isolates by primers MS1 and MS2, and the sequences showed 99% similarity with Laetisaria fuciformis from the NCBI database (Accession No. AY293232). Red thread on turfgrass has been commonly observed in temperate climates during periods of cool and humid weather (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. fuciformis causing red thread on P. vaginatum or from any host plant in China. References: (1) L. L. Burpee and L. G. Goulty. Phytopathology. 74:692, 1984. (2) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000. (3) R. W. Smiley et al. Page 38 in: Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2005.

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First report of Colletotrichum circinans Causing Anthracnose in Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino in Gansu Province, China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-21-2011-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aichang Chen ◽

Saba Najeeb ◽

Yanxia Wang ◽

Raja Asad Ali Khan ◽

Xingxing Ping ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Growth ◽

Its Region ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Gansu Province ◽

Allium Fistulosum ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

First Report ◽

Colletotrichum Spp ◽

Petri Plate ◽

The Uk

In September 2018, severe symptoms and high incidence (about 60%) of an onion anthracnose disease attributable to infection by Colletotrichum spp. was observed in production fields of Dingxi city, Gansu Province, China. The mature onion plants near to harvest (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino) expressing necrotic symptoms had oval lesions with dark spots that were made up of stromatic masses that had formed beneath the cuticle of the plant base. Twenty symptomatic plants were sampled. Symptomatic tissues were surface sterilized with sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to 20 mL potato dextrose agar in a petri plate and incubated at 30 ± 2 °C. After seven days, cultures produced acervuli and setae, a characteristic sign of Colletotrichum spp. Acervuli were observed with a black, bulbous base and acicular setae while conidia were elliptical (14-25 x 3-6 µm), unicellular hyaline and slightly falcate (Figure 1). DNA was extracted from a 7-day old culture and the ITS region was amplified using primers D1 (5’-GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG-3’) and D2 (5’-GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG-3’) (Kurtzman and Robnett, 1997). The resulting sequence (548 bp) was deposited with NCBI GeneBank under accession number MW127281. The fungus was confirmed as Colletotrichum circinans after conducting a BLAST search with the ITS sequence that reported a highest homology (99% similarity) with MH81329.1 (C. circinans). The speciation was further confirmed by amplifying regions of the TUB2, GAPDH, and ACT genes using primers given in Table S1 and sequences were also submitted to NCBI GeneBank under accession numbers MZ456033, MZ456032 and MZ456031, respectively. The subsequent BLAST results for these three additional gene regions were consistent with the results of the ITS region and fungus was identified as C. circinans. The isolated pathogen was tested for its pathogenicity on onion plants (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino). A conidial suspension 30 ml (5 × 105 conidia/ml) was mixed with 1 kg sterilized potted soil in 15 cm diameter plastic pots. Un-inoculated, sterilized soil was used as control. Three green onion plants per pot were planted (Figure S2). The experiment was repeated three times with 15 replications in each experiment. Plants were maintained for 120 days under greenhouse conditions and were monitored for the development of anthracnose symptoms. Symptoms recorded previously on onion plants in field (i.e. necrosis, sunken oval lesions and dark spots) were observed after 30 days on plants grown in inoculated soil while control plants remained asymptomatic (Figure S1). Three samples from symptomatic tissues of each plant were used for re-isolation of the pathogen on PDA, as described above. Cultures grown on PDA were confirmed both on a morphological and molecular basis as Colletotrichum circinans.These morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity tests of the isolated fungus confirm that the anthracnose symptoms observed on onion in Gansu Province, Beijing, China was caused by Colletotrichum circinans. Six different Colletotrichum spp. have been reported to cause diseases on onion worldwide (Rodriguez et al. 2012). C. circinans, which causes smudge, is an occasional onion pathogen was previously recorded as C. dematium (Pers.) Grove f. circinans Arx, which is specific to Allium spp. (von Arx 1970; von Arx 1981). However, Sutton (1992) described C. circinans as a distinct species from C. dematium. The fungus causes smudge or leaf spot of Allium spp. (Farr et al. 1989) and has been reported from Korea, Japan, Argentina, India, the UK and most other regions of the world (Cho & Shin 2004; Kiehr et al. 2012). Smudge may be a disease of concern post-harvest as fungal growth compromises the onion scales and bulb (Walker 1921). In China, this is the first report of C. circinans causing anthracnose in Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino in Gansu Province.

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First Report of Natural Infection of Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1776) with Leishmania major in Tunisia

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases ◽

10.1089/vbz.2011.0673 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1507-1509 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wissem Ghawar ◽

Mohamed Ali Snoussi ◽

Nabil Bel Haj Hamida ◽

Aïcha Boukthir ◽

Rihab Yazidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leishmania Major ◽

Natural Infection ◽

First Report ◽

Least Weasel ◽

Mustela Nivalis

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First report of Trypanosoma cruziinfection in naturally infected dogs from southern Bahia, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612013005000003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 182-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nilo Fernandes Leça Júnior ◽

Valter dos Anjos Almeida ◽

Fábio Santos Carvalho ◽

George Rego Albuquerque ◽

Fabiana Lessa Silva

Keyword(s):

Endemic Area ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Domestic Dogs ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

First Report ◽

Molecular Tests ◽

Southern Bahia ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Cruzi Infection

In order to verify the Trypanosoma cruzi infection in domestic domiciled dogs in a rural endemic area from the south region of the State of Bahia, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were performed using S35 and S36 primers in 272 dogs living in the district of Vila Operaria, in the municipality of Buerarema. All animals were clinically evaluated; 2.5 mL of blood were collected through venipuncture for the performance of molecular tests. None of these animals showed clinical signs of the illness and only two were identified with the DNA parasite. This result is the first report of natural infection by T. cruzi in domestic dogs in southern Bahia.

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