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2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mustapha Hassan ◽  
Usman Abubakar Yuguda

Ethnoveterinary is the total of all practices that enable man to prevent his livestock from diseases, alleviate and relieve suffering to bring about healing, and increase the production and productivity of livestock within a minimum cost. Overutilization, overexploitation, deforestation for fuelwood, and farmland expansion expose some of the plants to threaten. The study was carried out in three randomly selected districts in Northern Gombe State, Nigeria. Among all, 80% of the respondents are male among which 56% are 35 years and above. 43 plants were reported used as ethnoveterinary plants in the area (oral interview) among which only 28 were found to be present in the field (field assessment). Guiera senegalensis is the most abundant plant (7.85%) followed by Piliostigma reticulatum (7.23%), Combretum collinum and Detarium microcarpum (3.00% both). Fabaceae is the most abundant family (30.85%) of the identified plants followed by Combretaceae (15.25%). Plant bark is the most common part used in curing and preventing animals from diseases which subject some of the plants (Burkia africana) to nearly endangered states. 28 plant samples were collected, identified, pressed, and laid in Botany Department Herbarium, Gombe State University, among these, 2 plant samples were not successfully identified. It is recommended that regulatory bodies should be empowered to check the uncontrolled deforestation occurring in the area


2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012048
Author(s):  
I I Vlasova ◽  
A V Kopanina

Abstract Methods for studying woody plants anatomy are now very diverse. We modified the guidelines for bark studies developed for wood analysis at all stages of preparing the woody plant samples for microscope study. For the first time, we used separation to separate hard and soft fractions of the bark tissue. Correct approach to selection of plant samples and further laboratory manipulations ensures validity of the results of our study. We select the size of the sampling area depending on the type of vegetation. In every habitat, we also include transects along the gradient of height above sea level or the impact from the source of natural stress. The results of our research will help study landscape changes during exogenous geological processes and phenomena using biological indication of geosystems.


Author(s):  
Pawel Konieczynski ◽  
Roman Lysiuk ◽  
Marlena Kopistecka ◽  
Marek Wesolowski

Purpose: Medicinal plants can origin both from their cultivation, and from collection in natural locations, therefore investigation of their chemical composition is indispensable for assuring the appropriate quality. Thus, the aim of the studies was evaluation of medicinal plants collected in natural locations in Ukraine in the light of their elemental contents, taking into consideration both essential elements - P, Cu, Zn, Fe, and toxic – Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni. Methods: The microwave-assisted digestion was applied for preparation of the samples prior to analysis of plant samples to quantitative determination of investigated elements by the flame technique of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: The results of studies show that there is a large differentiation of medicinal herbs originating from Ukraine from the point of view of their elemental contents. In many cases, e.g. birch leaves, the impact of botanical plant species on the level of elements was crucial. Hence, the loadings of principal components confirmed that the highest influence on the differentiation of studied plant samples had the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cd and Fe. The impact of a place of growth on the level of selected elements such as Cd and Fe in St John’s wort was noticed, too. The analysis of toxic metals concentration in all studied plant samples has also shown that Pb and Cd level didn’t exceed the norms established by the European Union Commission in 2006. Conclusion: It is recommended to monitor heavy metals concentrations in medicinal herbs originating from Ukraine available in the European pharmaceutical market.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2576
Author(s):  
Florin Sala ◽  
Mihai Valentin Herbei ◽  
Ciprian Rujescu

Rationale: Water loss by evaporation is a normal physiological process, in order to regulate plant temperature. Under conditions of thermal and water stress, water loss is accelerated compared to normal conditions, and the response of plants is variable. In extreme cases, it can lead to wilting and death of plants. It was found that the phenomenon of water loss behaved as a pattern in different plant species, given by two functions, logistics (first part of water loss) and hyperbola (second part of water loss) in relation to a moment m, at which the rate of water loss (RWL) has reached its maximum value. Method: We studied the water loss process for a series of plant samples on different plant species (Picea abies L., H. Karst; Juniperus communis L.; Pinus silvestris L.; Thuja occidentalis L.; Lamium purpureum L.; Veronica hederifolia L.), measuring the rate of weight loss (RWL) in controlled conditions. The drying of the samples was done in identical conditions (thermo-balance, 100 °C, standard temperature for drying the plant samples) with the real-time recording of the drying time simultaneously with the water loss rate (RWL) from the plant samples. The exposure time varied, depending on each species sample, and was approximately 1000 s. Results: The experimental data was recorded at intervals of every 10 s, during the entire drying period. RWL values varied from 0.024 to 0.054 g/min at the beginning of the drying process and reached maximum values after 70–100 s, having values between 0.258 g/min and 0.498 g/min. During the drying period, this indicator presented different graphic evolutions, difficult to be described with a single function. The first segment was described by a logistic function, and the second was described by a hyperbola, resulting in a model (RWLMod) which described the real phenomenon. This model and theoretical calculation were used to quantify the water loss in a time interval and, compared with empirical dates, no significant differences were observed, which indicated an increased degree of accuracy regarding the use of this model. Recommendation and novelty of work: The novelty of the work is given by the obtained model (RWLMod), which makes possible the description of RWL over the entire time interval, and ensures a good fit with the real data. It recommends the method and model in studies of plant behaviour under stress in relation to different influencing factors.


Author(s):  
А.А. Романенко ◽  
Э.Б. Мирзоев ◽  
Н.Н. Исамов

Исследовательская работа выполнена в Новозыбковском районе Брянской области на естественном суходольном лугу, подвергшемся радиоактивному загрязнению в результате аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Загрязнение территории радиоактивными веществами, возникшее в результате чернобыльской катастрофы, создало целый ряд проблем для ведения сельскохозяйственного производства. Одной из них является проблема использования естественных луговых экосистем, загрязнённых цезием-137, в качестве сенокосов и пастбищ. Травостой естественных лугов накапливает радионуклида больше, чем травостой, выращенный на обработанной сельхозорудиями почве. В этой связи поиск доступных, эффективных и экономически выгодных мер, позволяющих получать на естественных лугах продукцию, соответствующую нормативным показателям, имеет важное значение. Целью исследовательской работы было изучение влияния цеолита Хотынецкого месторождения на переход радионуклида из почвы в растение на естественном суходольном лугу. Для этого в августе на поверхность почвы опытных делянок вносили цеолит в объёме 0,5 и 1% от массы пахотного слоя. Через год отбирали сопряжённые пробы почвы и растений. После подготовки в них определяли концентрацию цезия-137, а также агрохимические, физико-химические показатели почвы и урожайность. В ходе выполнения исследовательской работы было установлено, что использование цеолита в качестве мелиоранта луга не оказало достоверного влияния на снижение радионуклида в травостое (сене) и на увеличение Hr, S, EKO, V, калия и фосфора. Однако достоверно увеличился показатель рН. Внесение цеолита на опытные делянки в количестве 0,5 и 1% от массы пахотного слоя почвы оказало выраженное положительное влияние на урожайность сена. The investigation took place in the Bryansk region. The territory of natural dry meadow was contaminated there due to the Chernobyl disaster. Radioactive contamination significantly impacts agriculture in the area. Caesium-137 presented in soil hinders hay and green forage production. Natural plant ecosystems accumulate more radionuclide than the ones grown on farm fields. Therefore, those methods are of the highest interest that allow production of healthy forage in that area. The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of the zeolite from the Khotynetskiy district on the radionuclide movement from soil to plants. In August the zeolite (0.5 and 1% of soil mass) was applied in soil. One year later soil and plant samples were tested for caesium-137 as well as agrochemical, physical, chemical properties and productivity. As a result, the zeolite had no significant impact on the accumulation of caesium-137 in hay as well as Hr, S, EKO, V, K or P. In contrast, рН grew significantly and hay yield increased.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Anne Earl

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) has infected approximately 1/3 of the world population, with 9.4 million new TB cases in 2008. In addition to increased cases of drug-resistant strains it is vital that novel antitubercular compounds are discovered in order to treat infections and reduce the time of current TB therapy courses. Natural resources such as plants are now being considered as the focus for discovering new compounds. Plants have long been investigated as a source of antibiotics for the treatment of human disease. New Zealand (NZ) contains a unique and diverse flora; however, to current knowledge no native plants have been examined for antimycobacterial activity. Using ethnobotany as a basis for selection, a total of 58 native plant samples were collected and tested for direct antimycobacterial activity. Samples were extracted with sterile distilled water (SDW), ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) and screened for inhibition against the surrogate species, Mycobacterium smegmatis. Active plant samples were then validated for bacteriostatic activity towards M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra as well as other clinically-important species. Nine extracts from the species Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Lophomyrtus bullata, Metrosideros excelsa, Myoporum laetum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pseudopanax crassifolius and Pseudowintera colorata were found to be active against M. smegmatis. Two active extracts were the bark and cambium extracts of Laurelia novae-zelandiae (Pukatea), which were reportedly used by indigenous Māori for the treatment of tubercular lesions. Upon further investigation these extracts also demonstrated bactericidal activity towards M. smegmatis as well as bacteriostatic activity towards the slow-growing species M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Purification techniques were then performed to improve the efficiency of activity and initial exploration of delivery systems was also examined. The bioactive extracts determined in this research offer a starting point for identifying their chemical basis of antimycobacterial activity with the objective of potentially discovering new anti-tubercular drugs.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  

The potency of six different solvents in extracting phytochemicals from the seeds, coats, pods and leaves of moringa plant was investigated. The seeds, coats, pods and leaves of the plant were cut into smaller pieces, air-dried, ground into powdery sample, sieved with 40 mm mesh size and properly labelled. Each sample was individually extracted using six different solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water and acetone) at ratio 1: 10 for 72 h. Each solvent extract was screened for twelve phytochemicals (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, cardiac glycoside, reducing sugar, tannin, quinone, volatile oil, phenol, terpenoid, phlobatannin and steroid). It was observed that the seeds and leaves of moringa plant were richest in phytochemicals followed by moringa pods and the least was in moringa coat. In all the six solvents used, thirty-four bioactive ingredients were detected in seeds and leaves of moringa plant while twenty-eight phytochemicals were obtained in moringa pods and twenty-one bioactive ingredients were gotten from moringa coats. In all the plant samples, twenty-three bioactive ingredient were detected in ethanol extract; twenty-one were obtained in each of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; water extract had sixteen phytochemicals and chloroform extract had fifteen bioactive ingredients. Among the solvents used for extraction for all the plant samples, ethanol ranked first while acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol ranked second, water ranked third and chloroform was the least in ranking.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Anne Earl

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) has infected approximately 1/3 of the world population, with 9.4 million new TB cases in 2008. In addition to increased cases of drug-resistant strains it is vital that novel antitubercular compounds are discovered in order to treat infections and reduce the time of current TB therapy courses. Natural resources such as plants are now being considered as the focus for discovering new compounds. Plants have long been investigated as a source of antibiotics for the treatment of human disease. New Zealand (NZ) contains a unique and diverse flora; however, to current knowledge no native plants have been examined for antimycobacterial activity. Using ethnobotany as a basis for selection, a total of 58 native plant samples were collected and tested for direct antimycobacterial activity. Samples were extracted with sterile distilled water (SDW), ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) and screened for inhibition against the surrogate species, Mycobacterium smegmatis. Active plant samples were then validated for bacteriostatic activity towards M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra as well as other clinically-important species. Nine extracts from the species Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Lophomyrtus bullata, Metrosideros excelsa, Myoporum laetum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pseudopanax crassifolius and Pseudowintera colorata were found to be active against M. smegmatis. Two active extracts were the bark and cambium extracts of Laurelia novae-zelandiae (Pukatea), which were reportedly used by indigenous Māori for the treatment of tubercular lesions. Upon further investigation these extracts also demonstrated bactericidal activity towards M. smegmatis as well as bacteriostatic activity towards the slow-growing species M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Purification techniques were then performed to improve the efficiency of activity and initial exploration of delivery systems was also examined. The bioactive extracts determined in this research offer a starting point for identifying their chemical basis of antimycobacterial activity with the objective of potentially discovering new anti-tubercular drugs.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 904 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
M O Mousa ◽  
S A Alkubaisy ◽  
N M Abood ◽  
S S Shahatha

Abstract Three species belong to the genus Convolvulus L. from the Convolvulaceae family, new to Flora of Western Desert District were recorded. These species were Convolvulus cantabrica L., Convolvulus reticulatus Choisy and Convolvulus stachydifolius Choisy. Species were photographed, their taxonomical and ecological characters, as well as their geographical distribution in the Western Desert were demonstrated. Plant samples were collected, precisely identified, dried and herbarium specimens were prepared and deposited at Anbar University Herbarium (AUH). Some notes on habitat, flowering and fruiting periods were provided. The means and reasons that helped these species to be distributed in new places within the Western Desert District of Iraq were realistically discussed, it was found that there was no sample of the three mentioned species that were collected from the Western Desert District at all.


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