scholarly journals First Record of Botrytis Flower Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Geraldton Waxflower in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-440
Author(s):  
L. Swart ◽  
S. Coertze
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
First Record ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Chamelaucium Uncinatum

Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer, family Myrtaceae), indigenous to western Australia, is cultivated commercially in South Africa as a cut-flower crop and exported to markets in the Northern Hemisphere. In September 2000, disease symptoms were observed on 4-year-old plants in a commercial orchard of C. uncinatum cv. Ofir in Philippe, in the Western Cape Province. The base of the petals and the calyxes of the waxflowers showed brown necrotic lesions. Eventually the calyx and all the petals turned brown, and the flowers shriveled and abscised. B. cinerea Pers.:Fr was consistently isolated from affected petal and calyx tissues. When placed in a moist chamber, conidia and mycelia formed on the surface of dead and infected tissue. Koch's postulates were confirmed by spraying flower stems of C. uncinatum cv. Ofir with a spore suspension (1 × 106 conidia per ml). Inoculated flower stems were placed in a bottle filled with water and enclosed in transparent plastic bags for 24 h at 21°C. Typical symptoms developed on the petals and calyx within 3 days after inoculation. B. cinerea was reisolated from affected tissues. Botrytis flower blight or gray mold, causing a flower petal disease, has been recorded on C. uncinatum in Australia (1), but this is the first record of Botrytis flower blight of C. uncinatum in South Africa. Because Geraldton waxflower is a major cut-flower crop grown for export, this disease can cause significant losses to the industry, especially under cool, wet growing conditions. Reference: (1) A. Tomas et al. Aust. Plant Pathol. 24:26, 1995.

Nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs from canola fields and ornamental nurseries in South Africa

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4312 (1) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNIKA PIETERSE ◽  
ANTOINETTE P. MALAN ◽  
LAURA M. KRUITBOS ◽  
WILLEM SIRGEL ◽  
JENNA L. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence

A survey of nematodes that use terrestrial slugs as definitive hosts, was conducted in canola fields and ornamental nurseries located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. A total of 3290 slugs were collected from 22 different sites. On the identification of the slugs, they were vivisected and examined for internal nematodes. After identifying the nematodes found, on the basis of their morphological characteristics, their identity was confirmed using molecular sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2), D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU or 28S) and small subunit (SSU or 18S) ribosomal DNA. Of the 22 sites investigated, 13 had nematodes present, with 8 % of the slugs being found to be infected with nematodes. Seven nematode species were confirmed, including Agfa flexilis, Angiostoma margaretae, Angiostoma sp. (SA1), Caenorhabditis elegans, mermithid sp. (SA1), Phasmarhabditis sp. (SA3) and Phasmarhabditis sp. (SA4). In addition, several Angiostoma spp. were also isolated, but could only be identified to genus level due to limited material. Of the seven confirmed species, four were previously undescribed. This is the first record of A. margaretae associating with Deroceras panormitanum, Deroceras reticulatum, Lehmannia valentiana and Oopelta polypunctata. Also, this is the first time that a mermithid has been found associating with molluscs in South Africa. 

scholarly journals First Report of Stem Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Jasminum officinalis in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1708-1708
Author(s):  
D. Aiello ◽  
G. Parlavecchio ◽  
A. Vitale ◽  
G. Polizzi
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Far East ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
First Report ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Stem Lesions

Common jasmine (Jasminum officinalis L.) is an evergreen shrub that is native to the Middle and Far East. It is widely grown in Europe as an ornamental plant and in southeastern France for fragrance for the perfume industry. In March of 2008, a previously undescribed disease was observed on potted (6-month- to 3-year-old) common jasmine plants growing in open fields in a nursery of eastern Sicily, Italy. More than 20% of the plants showed disease symptoms. Diseased plants had small to large, brown or black lesions on stem. The lesions expanded rapidly, girdled the stem and caused blight of entire branches, and occasionally killed the plant. Abundant conidia and mycelia were detected on the surface of dead and dying stems under cool and humid conditions, which resulted in a moldy gray appearance. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1) was consistently isolated from affected tissues disinfected for 1 min in 1% NaOCl, rinsed in sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were at first white then became gray after 6 to 7 days when spores differentiated. White sclerotia developed after 8 to 9 days and turned black with age. Size of the conidia produced on 1-month-old culture ranged from 5.0 to 9.5 × 6.5 to 12.5 μm on the basis of 50 spore measurements. Sclerotia were spherical or irregular and ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 × 0.9 to 2.9 mm (average 1.7 × 1.8 mm). Stems of eight 6-month-old common jasmine plants were lightly wounded with a sterile razor and inoculated with 3-mm-diameter plugs of PDA from 10-day-old mycelial cultures, eight similar plants were inoculated with mycelium without wounding, and an equal number of noninoculated plants inoculated with only PDA plugs served as control. After inoculation, plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags at 20 ± 2°C for 5 days. Stem lesions identical to the ones observed in the nursery were detected on all wounded and on two nonwounded fungus-inoculated plants within 5 to 7 days. Control plants remained healthy. B. cinerea was reisolated from typical lesions. The unusually cool and humid weather conditions recorded in Sicily are supposed to be highly conducive of disease outbreak. Although B. cinerea does not usually kill the plants, under these environmental conditions this disease can cause significant economic loss to ornamental nurseries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea causing stem blight on J. officinalis. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971.

Wallametopa (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) from South Africa, with description of a new species

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (14) ◽  
pp. 1669-1676
Author(s):  
Michael L. Zettler ◽  
Franziska U. Glück
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The Family ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the family Stenothoidae,Wallametopa cylindricasp. nov., is described from samples collected in 2015 in the Knysna Estuary, Western Cape, South Africa. This is the first record of the genusWallametopain South Africa, a genus now being represented by two species found in Africa, Madagascar and Australia.Wallametopa cylindricais closely related to the Australian and MadagascanW. cabonBarnard, 1974, from which it differs by having a distinct cylindrical elongation of the merus of gnathopod 1 in both sexes but more striking in males. Both the basis and the merus of gnathopod 2 are also acutely produced postero-distally. The palmar margin of the propodus of gnathopod 2 in males is strongly, irregularly incised and with a deep, broad excavation (larger male). The dactylus reaches the whole length of the propodus and is densely setose on the inner margin.

scholarly journals The First Record of Intestinal Ciliates from the Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Olga Kornilova ◽  
Klara Tsushko ◽  
Ludmila Chistyakova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
First Record ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
First Report ◽  
Ciliate Species ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

This paper is a first report on species of endosymbiotic ciliates (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia) inhabiting the intestine of zebras in South Africa. Ciliates from Mountain Zebra were investigated for the first time in the world. The wild population of mountain zebras in general and the Cape Mountain Zebra subspecies in particular is low in numbers: this species is included as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Approximately 15 species of trichostome ciliates from 9 different genera were found in the samples collected from wild zebras in Western Cape, South Africa. Some of the ciliate species are also common to horses and other equids, while others are unique for zebras. The ciliates of Triplumaria genus common to elephants and rhinoceroses, and the species Blepharosphaera ceratotherii previously described in rhinoceroses were found in equids for the first time.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Stem Rot of Chrysanthemum Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Wright ◽  
H. E. Palmucci
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Photoperiod Control

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam.) is one of the most popular flowering plants in Argentina. A previously undescribed stem rot disease was observed in cvs. Alba and Palisade in greenhouses near Buenos Aires and La Plata, an area of intensive floriculture production. The stem was killed within 10 to 15 days causing the plant to wilt and die. Necrotic tissues were covered with whitish mycelium that produced black, irregular shaped (3 to 7 mm diameter) sclerotia. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic stem sections, surface disinfested for 1 min in 2% NaOCl, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (1, slightly modified). The organism isolated produced white aerial mycelia and large number of sclerotia characteristic of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Symptoms were reproduced in the greenhouse by inoculating stems of 10 3-month-old plants with five mycelial plugs per plant from 7-day-old PDA cultures. Inoculated plants were enclosed in transparent plastic bags for 6 days with near saturation humidity and incubated in a growth chamber at 22 to 24°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Control plants were treated similarly except agar disks did not contain the fungus. After 6 to 9 days, symptoms were similar to those previously observed, and infected plants died 3 weeks after inoculation. No disease symptoms were observed on uninoculated plants. Koch's postulates were satisfied after reisolating the fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of white mold caused by S. sclerotiorum on chrysanthemum in Argentina. The disease has been previously observed in Argentina on lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora (Raf.) Shinn.) in 1988 (2) and on carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in 1991, among other floriculture crops of economic importance. References: (1) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 85:446, 2001. (2) S. Wolcan et al. Plant Dis. 80:223, 1996.

scholarly journals Factors and impacts of informal settlements residents' sanitation practices on access and sustainability of sanitation services in the policy context of Free Basic Sanitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-248
Author(s):  
Christophe Muanda ◽  
Jacqueline Goldin ◽  
Rainer Haldenwang
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Generous Support

Abstract Through the Free Basic Sanitation (FBSan) service policy, many informal settlements in South Africa have been provided with basic sanitation facilities. However, access to these facilities remains challenging for many residents. These challenges have compelled residents to adopt a range of alternative sanitation practices. Through interviews, observation and focus group discussions in five informal settlements in the Western Cape, South Africa, 383 randomly selected respondents identified factors that shape their sanitation practices and how these practices impact on access to, and sustainability of sanitation services in the policy context of the FBSan. Residents' sanitation practices include the use of buckets, porta-potties, plastic bags, and existing facilities within and outside their settlements for either defecating or discharging the bucket contents and open defecation. These sanitation practices are informed by factors including safety concerns, poor conditions of the facilities, lack of privacy and choice. These findings suggest that the provision of facilities through the FBSan policy should consider the multiple and varied needs of residents, practices and conditions of their settlements prior to the selection and deployment of facilities to informal settlements in South Africa. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

Pseudopolydora species associated with mollusc shells on the south coast of South Africa, with the description of Ps. dayii, sp nov.

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Simon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Coast ◽  
First Record ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
South West ◽  
Haliotis Midae ◽  
South West Coast

Two species of the genus Pseudopolydora, Ps. dayii, sp. nov. and Ps. antennata, were associated with gastropods on the south and south-east coasts of South Africa. Pseudopolydora dayii is characterized by prominent post-chaetal notopodial lobes on chaetiger 1 with very long chaetae, a prominent occipital tentacle, having hooded hooks that start on chaetiger 9, branchiae that start on chaetiger 6, stout hooks and lobes placed latero-posteriorly to the hooded hooks in posterior chaetigers. It is a surface-fouler and was found on several species of wild gastropods at four of the five sites sampled and from additional material from the south-west coast and on cultured abalone (Haliotis midae) at a farm on the south-west coast. Three individuals of Ps. antennata were found only with oysters at the easternmost site. This was the first record of this species outside of the Western Cape Province and it is possible that their association with the oysters was fortuitous.

Pathogenicity testing of fungal isolates associated with olive trunk diseases in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meagan Van Dyk ◽  
Chris Spies ◽  
Lizel Mostert ◽  
Marieta Van Der Rijst ◽  
Ihan Lambert Du Plessis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Trunk Disease ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Old Trees

A recent olive trunk disease survey performed in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, identified several fungi associated with olive trunk disease symptoms, including species of Basidiomycota, Botryosphaeriaceae, Coniochaetaceae, Calosphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diatrypaceae, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Symbiotaphrinaceae, Togniniaceae and Valsaceae. Many of the species recovered had not yet been reported from olive trees and therefore the aim of this study was to determine their pathogenicity towards this host. Pathogenicity tests were first conducted on detached shoots to select virulent isolates which were then used in field trials. During field trials, 2-year-old olive branches of 15-year-old trees were inoculated by inserting colonised agar plugs into artificially wounded tissue. Measurements were made of the internal lesions after 8 months. In total, 58 isolates were selected for the field trials. Species that formed lesions significantly larger than the control could be considered as olive trunk pathogens. These include Biscogniauxia rosacearum, Celerioriella umnquma, Coniochaeta velutina, Coniothyrium ferrarisianum, isolates of the Cytospora pruinosa complex, Didymocyrtis banksiae, Diaporthe foeniculina, Eutypa lata, Fomitiporella viticola, Neofusicoccum stellenboschiana, Nm. vitifusiforme, Neophaeomoniella niveniae, Phaeoacremonium africanum, Pm. minimum, Pm. oleae, Pm. parasiticum, Pm. prunicola, Pm. scolyti, Pm. spadicum, Pleurostoma richardsiae, Pseudophaeomoniella globosa, Punctularia atropurpurascens, Vredendaliella oleae, an undescribed Cytospora sp., Geosmithia sp., two undescribed Neofusicoccum spp. and four Xenocylindrosporium spp. Pseudophaeomoniella globosa can be regarded as one of the main olive trunk pathogens in South Africa, due to its high incidence from olive trunk disease symptoms in established orchards and due to its high virulence in pathogenicity trials.

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