Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol Accumulation in Wheat Infected with Fusarium graminearum During Grain Development

The manner in which deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) accumulation progresses in wheat grain infected with Fusarium graminearum and the influence of the time of infection on the accumulation of toxins were investigated. Four cultivars were tested in a greenhouse environment, where the plants were spray inoculated at three different stages with a mixture of DON and NIV chemotypes of F. graminearum. The results indicate that high levels of DON and NIV can be produced beyond 20 days after anthesis (DAA), even by early infection. The results of field experiments performed on seven cultivars, where inoculation was conducted using colonized maize kernel inoculum, were consistent with the greenhouse results. In addition, in the greenhouse experiments, late infection, at least as late as 20 DAA, caused grain contamination with these toxins even without clear disease symptoms on the spike. These results indicate the importance of the late stage in grain development in DON and NIV contamination, suggesting that control strategies that cover the late as well as the early stage of grain development should be established to effectively reduce the risk of these toxins' contaminating wheat.

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Characterization of proteins involved in early stage of wheat grain development by iTRAQ

Journal of Proteomics ◽

10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 136 ◽

pp. 157-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Mingming Yang ◽

Jian Dong ◽

Wanchun Zhao ◽

Xiang Gao

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Grain Development ◽

Wheat Grain

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Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871530320666201023124843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed RG

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Cellular Therapy ◽

Early Stage ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Vital Role ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Maternal Immune System ◽

Perinatal Management ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

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Wheat Grain Development Is Characterized by Remarkable Trehalose 6-Phosphate Accumulation Pregrain Filling: Tissue Distribution and Relationship to SNF1-Related Protein Kinase1 Activity

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.111.174524 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 373-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Eleazar Martínez-Barajas ◽

Thierry Delatte ◽

Henriette Schluepmann ◽

Gerhardus J. de Jong ◽

Govert W. Somsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Distribution ◽

Related Protein ◽

Grain Development ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Phosphate Accumulation

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Impact of the biofungicide tetramycin on the development of Fusarium head blight, grain yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2019.2494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 235-246

Author(s):

W.Q. Shi ◽

L.B. Xiang ◽

D.Z. Yu ◽

S.J. Gong ◽

L.J. Yang

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Field Trials ◽

Head Blight ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Key Aspects

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease that leads to extensive yield and quality loss in wheat and barley production. Integrated pest management (IPM) is required to control this disease and biofungicides, such as tetramycin, could be a novel addition to IPM strategies. The current study investigated in vitro tetramycin toxicity in Fusarium graminearum and evaluated its effectiveness for the control of Fusarium head blight FHB. Tetramycin was shown to affect three key aspects of Fusarium pathogenicity: spore germination, mycelium growth and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The in vitro results indicated that tetramycin had strong inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth and spore germination. Field trials indicated that tetramycin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in both the FHB disease index and the level of DON accumulation. The reduced DON content in harvested grain was correlated with the amount of Tri5 mRNA determined by qRT-PCR. Synergistic effects between tetramycin and metconazole, in both the in vitro and field experiments were found. Tetramycin could provide an alternative option to control FHB.

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Sphingolipid C-9 Methyltransferases Are Important for Growth and Virulence but Not for Sensitivity to Antifungal Plant Defensins in Fusarium graminearum

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.00255-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 217-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Vellaisamy Ramamoorthy ◽

Edgar B. Cahoon ◽

Mercy Thokala ◽

Jagdeep Kaur ◽

Jia Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Type Strain ◽

Wild Type Strain ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Wild Type ◽

Knockout Mutant ◽

Double Knockout ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Plant Defensins ◽

Antifungal Action

ABSTRACT The C-9-methylated glucosylceramides (GlcCers) are sphingolipids unique to fungi. They play important roles in fungal growth and pathogenesis, and they act as receptors for some antifungal plant defensins. We have identified two genes, FgMT1 and FgMT2, that each encode a putative sphingolipid C-9 methyltransferase (C-9-MT) in the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and complement a Pichia pastoris C-9-MT-null mutant. The ΔFgmt1 mutant produced C-9-methylated GlcCer like the wild-type strain, PH-1, whereas the ΔFgmt2 mutant produced 65 to 75% nonmethylated and 25 to 35% methylated GlcCer. No ΔFgmt1ΔFgmt2 double-knockout mutant producing only nonmethylated GlcCer could be recovered, suggesting that perhaps C-9-MTs are essential in this pathogen. This is in contrast to the nonessential nature of this enzyme in the unicellular fungus P. pastoris. The ΔFgmt2 mutant exhibited severe growth defects and produced abnormal conidia, while the ΔFgmt1 mutant grew like the wild-type strain, PH-1, under the conditions tested. The ΔFgmt2 mutant also exhibited drastically reduced disease symptoms in wheat and much-delayed disease symptoms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, the ΔFgmt2 mutant was less virulent on different host plants tested than the previously characterized ΔFggcs1 mutant, which lacks GlcCer synthase activity and produces no GlcCer at all. Moreover, the ΔFgmt1 and ΔFgmt2 mutants, as well as the P. pastoris strain in which the C-9-MT gene was deleted, retained sensitivity to the antifungal plant defensins MsDef1 and RsAFP2, indicating that the C-9 methyl group is not a critical structural feature of the GlcCer receptor required for the antifungal action of plant defensins.

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Incorporating biomarkers in ecological risk assessment of chemical contaminants of soils

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie ◽

10.4102/satnt.v26i2.129 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 120-137

Author(s):

A. J. Reinecke ◽

S. A. Reinecke ◽

M. S. Maboeta ◽

J. P. Odendaal ◽

R. Snyman

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

South African ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Early Stage ◽

Population Level ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Future Research ◽

Chemical Contaminants ◽

Toxic Response ◽

Future Research Directions

Soil is an important but complex natural resource which is increasingly used as sink for chemicals. The monitoring of soil quality and the assessment of risks posed by contaminants have become crucial. This study deals with the potential use of biomarkers in the monitoring of soils and the assessment of risk resulting from contamination. Apart from an overview of the existing literature on biomarkers, the results of various of our field experiments in South African soils are discussed. Biomarkers may have potential in the assessment of risk because they can indicate at an early stage that exposure has taken place and that a toxic response has been initiated. It is therefore expected that early biomarkers will play an increasing role as diagnostic tools for determining exposure to chemicals and the resulting effects. They may have predictive value that can assist in the prevention or minimising of risks. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of using our results on biomarker responses of soil dwelling organisms to predict changes at higher organisational levels (which may have ecological implications). Our recent experimental results on the evaluation of various biomarkers in both the laboratory and the field are interpreted and placed in perspective within the broader framework of response biology. The aim was further to contribute to the development and application of biomarkers in regulatory risk assessment schemes of soils. This critical review of our own and recent literature on biomarkers in ecotoxicology leads to the conclusion that biomarkers can, under certain conditions, be useful tools in risk assessment. Clear relationships between contamination loads in soil organisms and certain biomarker responses were determined in woodlice, earthworms and terrestrial snails. Clear correlations were also established in field experiments between biomarker responses and changes at the population level. This indicated that, in spite of the fact that direct mechanistic links are still not clarified, biomarkers may have the potential to provide early indications of forthcoming changes at higher organisational levels. Ways are proposed in which biomarkers could be used in the future in risk assessment schemes of soils and future research directions are suggested.

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Fusarium graminearum Possesses Virulence Factors Common to Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Seedling Rot of Soybean but Differing in Their Impact on Disease Severity

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-12-13-0355-r ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 1201-1207 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Luca Sella ◽

Katia Gazzetti ◽

Carla Castiglioni ◽

Wilhelm Schäfer ◽

Francesco Favaron

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Fusarium Graminearum ◽

Map Kinases ◽

Early Stage ◽

Single Gene ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Head Blight ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Seedling Rot

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. This fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in North and South America. Several F. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to FHB in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. In this study we determined the disease severity on soybean seedlings of five single gene disrupted mutants of F. graminearum, previously characterized in wheat spike infection. Three of these mutants are impaired on a specific function as the production of deoxynivalenol (DON, Δtri5), lipase (ΔFgl1), and xylanase (Δxyl03624), while the remaining two are MAP kinase mutants (ΔFgOS-2, Δgpmk1), which are altered in signaling pathways. The mutants that were reduced in virulence (Δtri5, ΔFgl1, and ΔFgOS-2) or are avirulent (Δgpmk1) on wheat were correspondently less virulent or avirulent in soybean seedlings, as shown by the extension of lesions and seedling lengths. The Δxyl03624 mutant was as virulent as the wild type mirroring the behavior observed in wheat. However, a different ranking of symptom severity occurred in the two hosts: the ΔFgOS-2 mutant, that infects wheat spikelets similarly to Δtri5 and ΔFgl1 mutants, provided much reduced symptoms in soybean. Differently from the other mutants, we observed that the ΔFgOS-2 mutant was several fold more sensitive to the glyceollin phytoalexin suggesting that its reduced virulence may be due to its hypersensitivity to this phytoalexin. In conclusion, lipase and DON seem important for full disease symptom development in soybean seedlings, OS-2 and Gpmk1 MAP kinases are essential for virulence, and OS-2 is involved in conferring resistance to the soybean phytoalexin.

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Integrated Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Management Affects Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Yield and Economics

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00034424 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 129-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

David L. Barton ◽

Donald C. Thill ◽

Bahman Shafii

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Integrated Control ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Net Return

The effect of barley seeding rate and row spacing, and triallate, diclofop, and difenzoquat herbicide rate on barley grain yield and quality, and wild oat control were evaluated in field experiments near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, in 1989 and 1990. The purpose of the study was to develop integrated control strategies for wild oat in spring barley. Barley row spacing (9 and 18 cm) did not affect barley grain yield. Barley grain yield was greatest when barley was seeded at 134 or 201 kg ha–1compared to 67 kg ha–1. Wild oat control increased as wild oat herbicide rate increased and barley grain yield was greatest when wild oat herbicides were applied. However, barley grain yield was similar when wild oat biomass was reduced by either 65 or 85% by applications of half and full herbicide rates, respectively. Net return was greatest when the half rate of herbicide was applied to 100 wild oat plants per m2and was greatest when half or full herbicide rates were applied to 290 wild oat plants per m2. Net return increased when the seeding rate was increased to 134 or 201 kg ha–1when no herbicide was applied and when 290 wild oat plants per m2were present.

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Evaluation of Registered Herbicides for Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00041294 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34

Author(s):

Jeffrey A. Koscelny ◽

Thomas F. Peeper

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Bromus Secalinus ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Early Fall

Seven field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to compare efficacy and wheat response to currently registered cheat suppression or control herbicide treatments. Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron premix (5:1 w/w) at 26 g ai/ha applied PRE controlled cheat 20 to 61%, increased wheat grain yields at two of seven locations, and decreased dockage due to cheat at five of seven locations. Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 21 g/ha tank-mixed with metribuzin at 210 g/ha, applied early fall POST, controlled cheat 36 to 98% and increased wheat yield at four of seven locations. Metribuzin applied POST in the fall at 420 g/ha controlled cheat 56 to 98% and increased wheat yields at five of seven locations. Both POST treatments decreased dockage at all locations.

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