scholarly journals Involvement of Jasmonic Acid/Ethylene Signaling Pathway in the Systemic Resistance Induced in Cucumber by Trichoderma asperellum T203

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Shoresh ◽  
Iris Yedidia ◽  
Ilan Chet
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Leaf Pathogen

Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne plant pathogens, and some are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth. It was recently suggested that Trichoderma also affects induced systemic resistance (ISR) mechanism in plants. Analysis of signal molecules involved in defense mechanisms and application of specific inhibitors indicated the involvement of jasmonic acid and ethylene in the protective effect conferred by Trichoderma spp. against the leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Moreover, examination of local and systemic gene expression by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that T. asperellum (T203) modulates the expression of genes involved in the jasmonate/ethylene signaling pathways of ISR (Lox1, Pal1, ETR1, and CTR1) in cucumber plants. We further showed that a subsequent challenge of Trichoderma-preinoculated plants with the leaf pathogen P. syringae pv. lachrymans resulted in higher systemic expression of the pathogenesisrelated genes encoding for chitinase 1, β-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase relative to noninoculated, challenged plants. This indicates that Trichoderma induced a potentiated state in the plant enabling it to be more resistant to subsequent pathogen infection.

scholarly journals Bacillus cereus AR156 Activates Defense Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana Similarly to flg22

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shune Wang ◽  
Ying Zheng ◽  
Chun Gu ◽  
Chan He ◽  
Mengying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156) is a plant growth–promoting rhizobacterium capable of inducing systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that, when applied to Arabidopsis leaves, AR156 acted similarly to flg22, a typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), in initiating PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). AR156-elicited PTI responses included phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6, induction of the expression of defense-related genes PR1, FRK1, WRKY22, and WRKY29, production of reactive oxygen species, and callose deposition. Pretreatment with AR156 still significantly reduced P. syringae pv. tomato multiplication and disease severity in NahG transgenic plants and mutants sid2-2, jar1, etr1, ein2, npr1, and fls2. This suggests that AR156-induced PTI responses require neither salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling nor flagella receptor kinase FLS2, the receptor of flg22. On the other hand, AR156 and flg22 acted in concert to differentially regulate a number of AGO1-bound microRNAs that function to mediate PTI. A full-genome transcriptional profiling analysis indicated that AR156 and flg22 activated similar transcriptional programs, coregulating the expression of 117 genes; their concerted regulation of 16 genes was confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. These results suggest that AR156 activates basal defense responses to P. syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis, similarly to flg22.

scholarly journals The Involvement of Jasmonic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid in the Signaling Pathway of Clonostachys rosea-Induced Resistance to Gray Mold Disease in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1102-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuying Wang ◽  
Xiuling Chen ◽  
Xinfeng Chai ◽  
Dongqi Xue ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a serious disease that threatens tomato production around the world. Clonostachys rosea has been used successfully as a biocontrol agent against divergent plant pathogens, including B. cinerea. To understand the signal transduction pathway of C. rosea-induced resistance to tomato gray mold disease, the effects of C. rosea on gray mold tomato leaves along with changes in the activities of three defense enzymes (phenylalanine ammonialyase [PAL], polyphenol oxidase [PPO], and catalase [CAT]), second messengers (nitric oxide [NO], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and superoxide anion radical [O2−]), and stress-related genes (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK], WRKY, Lexyl2, and atpA) in four different hormone-deficient (jasmonic acid [JA], ethylene [ET], salicylic acid [SA], and gibberellin) tomato mutants were investigated. The results revealed that C. rosea significantly inhibited the growth of mycelia and spore germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, it reduced the incidence of gray mold disease, induced higher levels of PAL and PPO, and induced lower levels of CAT activities in tomato leaves. Moreover, it also increased NO, H2O2, and O2− levels and the gene expression levels of WRKY, MAPK, atpA, and Lexyl2. The incidence of gray mold disease in four hormone-deficient mutants was higher than that in the corresponding wild-type tomato plants. Among all of these hormone-deficient tomato mutants, JA had the most significant effect in regulating the different signal molecules. Additional study suggested that JA upregulated the expression of Lexyl2, MAPK, and WRKY but downregulated atpA. Furthermore, JA also enhanced the activity of PAL, PPO, and CAT and the production of NO and H2O2. SA downregulated CAT and PAL, whereas ET upregulated PAL but downregulated CAT. This study is of significance in understanding the regulatory pathways and biocontrol mechanism of C. rosea against B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Sm1, a Proteinaceous Elicitor Secreted by the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma virens Induces Plant Defense Responses and Systemic Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 838-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Djonović ◽  
Maria J. Pozo ◽  
Lawrence J. Dangott ◽  
Charles R. Howell ◽  
Charles M. Kenerley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Small Protein

The soilborne filamentous fungus Trichoderma virens is a biocontrol agent with a well-known ability to produce antibiotics, parasitize pathogenic fungi, and induce systemic resistance in plants. Even though a plant-mediated response has been confirmed as a component of bioprotection by Trichoderma spp., the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here, we report the identification, purification, and characterization of an elicitor secreted by T. virens, a small protein designated Sm1 (small protein 1). Sm1 lacks toxic activity against plants and microbes. Instead, native, purified Sm1 triggers production of reactive oxygen species in monocot and dicot seedlings, rice, and cotton, and induces the expression of defense-related genes both locally and systemically in cotton. Gene expression analysis revealed that SM1 is expressed throughout fungal development under different nutrient conditions and in the presence of a host plant. Using an axenic hydroponic system, we show that SM1 expression and secretion of the protein is significantly higher in the presence of the plant. Pretreatment of cotton cotyledons with Sm1 provided high levels of protection to the foliar pathogen Colletotrichum sp. These results indicate that Sm1 is involved in the induction of resistance by Trichoderma spp. through the activation of plant defense mechanisms.

scholarly journals Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Signaling Pathways Regulate Glucosinolate Levels in Plants During Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance Against a Leaf-Chewing Herbivore

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1212-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmi Pangesti ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
Judith E. van de Mortel ◽  
Eleni Kapsomenou ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Ethylene Signaling

scholarly journals Simultaneous Interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana with Bradyrhizobium Sp. Strain ORS278 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Leads to Complex Transcriptome Changes

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Cartieaux ◽  
Céline Contesto ◽  
Adrien Gallou ◽  
Guilhem Desbrosses ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Molecular Bases ◽  
First Time

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a process elicited by telluric microbes, referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), that protect the host plant against pathogen attacks. ISR has been defined from studies using Pseudomonas strains as the biocontrol agent. Here, we show for the first time that a photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium sp. strain, ORS278, also exhibits the ability to promote ISR in Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that the ISR effect may be a widespread ability. To investigate the molecular bases of this response, we performed a transcriptome analysis designed to reveal the changes in gene expression induced by the PGPR, the pathogen alone, or by both. The results confirm the priming pattern of ISR described previously, meaning that a set of genes, of which the majority was predicted to be influenced by jasmonic acid or ethylene, was induced upon pathogen attack when plants were previously colonized by PGPR. The analysis and interpretation of transcriptome data revealed that 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, an intermediate of the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway, is likely to be an actor in the signaling cascade involved in ISR. In addition, we show that the PGPR counterbalanced the pathogen-induced changes in expression of a series of genes.

scholarly journals The Transcriptome of Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas W. M. Verhagen ◽  
Jane Glazebrook ◽  
Tong Zhu ◽  
Hur-Song Chang ◽  
L. C. van Loon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Challenge Inoculation ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas

Plants develop an enhanced defensive capacity against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens after colonization of the roots by selected strains of nonpathogenic, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) functions independently of salicylic acid but requires responsiveness to the plant hormones jasmonic acid and ethylene. In contrast to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance, rhizobacteria-mediated ISR is not associated with changes in the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins. To identify ISR-related genes, we surveyed the transcriptional response of over 8,000 Arabidopsis genes during rhizobacteria-mediated ISR. Locally in the roots, ISR-inducing Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r bacteria elicited a substantial change in the expression of 97 genes. However, systemically in the leaves, none of the approximately 8,000 genes tested showed a consistent change in expression in response to effective colonization of the roots by WCS417r, indicating that the onset of ISR in the leaves is not associated with detectable changes in gene expression. After challenge inoculation of WCS417r-induced plants with the bacterial leaf pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, 81 genes showed an augmented expression pattern in ISR-expressing leaves, suggesting that these genes were primed to respond faster or more strongly upon pathogen attack. The majority of the primed genes was predicted to be regulated by jasmonic acid or ethylene signaling. Priming of pathogen-induced genes allows the plant to react more effectively to the invader encountered, which might explain the broad-spectrum action of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR.

Effect of C6-Volatiles on Bioluminescent Plant Pathogens

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 557d-557
Author(s):  
Jennifer Warr ◽  
Fenny Dane ◽  
Bob Ebel
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Low Concentrations

C6 volatile compounds are known to be produced by the plant upon pathogen attack or other stress-related events. The biological activity of many of these substances is poorly understood, but some might produce signal molecules important in host–pathogen interactions. In this research we explored the possibility that lipid-derived C6 volatiles have a direct effect on bacterial plant pathogens. To this purpose we used a unique tool, a bacterium genetically engineered to bioluminesce. Light-producing genes from a fish-associated bacterium were introduced into Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, enabling nondestructive detection of bacteria in vitro and in the plant with special computer-assisted camera equipment. The effects of different C6 volatiles (trans-2 hexanal, trans-2 hexen-1-ol and cis-3 hexenol) on growth of bioluminescent Xanthomonas campestris were investigated. Different volatile concentrations were used. Treatment with trans-2 hexanal appeared bactericidal at low concentrations (1% and 10%), while treatments with the other volatiles were not inhibitive to bacterial growth. The implications of these results with respect to practical use of trans-2 hexanal in pathogen susceptible and resistant plants will be discussed.

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