scholarly journals Effect of Infection Timing on Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Open- and Closed-Flowering Barley

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 1054-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Yoshida ◽  
Naoyuki Kawada ◽  
Takashi Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Infection Timing ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Barley has two flowering types, chasmogamous (open-flowering) and cleistogamous (closed-flowering). We examined the effect of the timing of Fusarium graminearum infection on Fusarium head blight (FHB) and mycotoxin accumulation in barley cultivars with different flowering types using greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment, 13 cultivars were spray inoculated at two different developmental stages, and the severity of FHB was evaluated. The effect of the timing of infection differed among cultivars. Cleistogamous cultivars were resistant at anthesis but susceptible at 10 days after anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars were already susceptible at anthesis. In the second experiment, five cultivars were inoculated at three different developmental stages and the concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in mature grain were analyzed. Cleistogamous cultivars accumulated more mycotoxins (DON and NIV) when inoculated 10 or 20 days after anthesis than when inoculated at anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars accumulated more mycotoxins when inoculated at anthesis. Thus, the most critical time for F. graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in barley differs with cultivar, and likely is associated with the flowering type. Late infection, even without accompanied FHB symptoms, was also significant in terms of the risk of mycotoxin contamination.

scholarly journals Effect of the Timing of Fungicide Application on Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Closed-Flowering Barley

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Yoshida ◽  
Takashi Nakajima ◽  
Michiyoshi Arai ◽  
Fumihiko Suzuki ◽  
Kenta Tomimura
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Testing Period ◽  
Anther Extrusion ◽  
Full Head ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Fungicide application is one measure available to reduce the risk of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and mycotoxin contamination in barley. The stage at or near anthesis, or at full head emergence, is generally thought to be optimal for fungicide application, regardless of cultivar. However, we have previously found that the most critical time for Fusarium graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in barley differs among cultivars. Whereas chasmogamous (open-flowering) cultivars were most susceptible at anthesis, cleistogamous (closed-flowering) cultivars were considerably resistant at anthesis but became susceptible after ‘spent’ anther extrusion. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of the timing of fungicide application on FHB and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) accumulation in cleistogamous barley. Thiophanate-methyl fungicide was applied at different developmental stages, from before anthesis to 30 days after anthesis (DAA), under artificial inoculation conditions in the field in which inoculum spores were provided throughout the testing period. As expected, the optimal timing for chemical control of FHB and mycotoxin accumulation was the time around the beginning of spent anther extrusion rather than at anthesis. Later application, as late as 30 DAA, was also effective in controlling mycotoxin accumulation, although it was not effective in controlling disease levels.

scholarly journals Fusarium Head Blight: Effect of Infection Timing on Spread of Fusarium graminearum and Spatial Distribution of Deoxynivalenol within Wheat Spikes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Elias Alisaac ◽  
Anna Rathgeb ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Anne-Katrin Mahlein
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Infection Timing ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Most studies of Fusarium head blight (FHB) focused on wheat infection at anthesis. Less is known about infections at later stages. In this study, the effect of infection timing on the development of FHB and the distribution of fungal biomass and deoxynivalenol (DON) along wheat spikes was investigated. Under greenhouse conditions, two wheat varieties were point-inoculated with Fusarium graminearum starting from anthesis until 25 days after anthesis. The fungus and fungal DNA were isolated from the centers and the bases of all the spikes but not from the tips for all inoculation times and both varieties. In each variety, the amount of fungal DNA and the content of DON and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-G) were higher in the center than in the base for all inoculation times. A positive correlation was found between the content of fungal DNA and DON in the centers as well as the bases of both varieties. This study showed that F. graminearum grows downward within infected wheat spikes and that the accumulation of DON is largely confined to the colonized tissue. Moreover, F. graminearum was able to infect wheat kernels and cause contamination with mycotoxins even when inoculated 25 days after anthesis.

scholarly journals Screening of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) Italian Cultivars for Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight Incited by Fusarium graminearum

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Gaetano Bentivenga ◽  
Alfio Spina ◽  
Karim Ammar ◽  
Maria Allegra ◽  
Santa Olga Cacciola
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Italian Origin

In 2009, a set of 35 cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) of Italian origin was screened for fusarium head blight (FHB) susceptibility at CIMMYT (Mexico) and in the 2019–20 cropping season, 16 of these cultivars, which had been included in the Italian National Plant Variety Register, were tested again in southern and northern Italy. Wheat cultivars were artificially inoculated during anthesis with a conidial suspension of Fusarium graminearum sensu lato using a standard spray inoculation method. Inoculum was a mixture of mono-conidial isolates sourced in the same areas where the trials were performed. Isolates had been characterized on the basis of morphological characteristics and by DNA PCR amplification using a specific primer set and then selected for their virulence and ability to produce mycotoxins. The susceptibility to FHB was rated on the basis of the disease severity, disease incidence and FHB index. Almost all of the tested cultivars were susceptible or very susceptible to FHB with the only exception of “Duprì”, “Tiziana” and “Dylan” which proved to be moderately susceptible. The susceptibility to FHB was inversely correlated with the plant height and flowering biology, the tall and the late heading cultivars being less susceptible.

Near-infrared versus visual sorting of Fusarium-damaged kernels in winter wheat

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N Wegulo ◽  
Floyd E Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Key Words Wheat

Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum, often results in shriveled and/or discolored kernels, which are referred to as Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK). FDK is a major grain grading factor and therefore is routinely determined for purposes of quality assurance. Measurement of FDK is usually done visually. Visual sorting can be laborious and is subject to inconsistencies resulting from variability in intra-rater repeatability and/or inter-rater reliability. The ability of a single-kernel near-infrared (SKNIR) system to detect FDK was evaluated by comparing FDK sorted by the system to FDK sorted visually. Visual sorting was strongly correlated with sorting by the SKNIR system (0.89 ≤ r ≤ 0.91); however, the SKNIR system had a wider range of FDK detection and was more consistent. Compared with the SKNIR system, visual raters overestimated FDK in samples with a low percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain and underestimated FDK in samples with a high percentage of Fusarium-damaged grain. Key words: Wheat, Fusarium head blight, Fusarium-damaged kernels, single-kernel near-infrared

scholarly journals Survival of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Leplat ◽  
Hanna Friberg ◽  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Christian Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Head Blight

Impact of the biofungicide tetramycin on the development of Fusarium head blight, grain yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246
Author(s):  
W.Q. Shi ◽  
L.B. Xiang ◽  
D.Z. Yu ◽  
S.J. Gong ◽  
L.J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Key Aspects

Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease that leads to extensive yield and quality loss in wheat and barley production. Integrated pest management (IPM) is required to control this disease and biofungicides, such as tetramycin, could be a novel addition to IPM strategies. The current study investigated in vitro tetramycin toxicity in Fusarium graminearum and evaluated its effectiveness for the control of Fusarium head blight FHB. Tetramycin was shown to affect three key aspects of Fusarium pathogenicity: spore germination, mycelium growth and deoxynivalenol (DON) production. The in vitro results indicated that tetramycin had strong inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth and spore germination. Field trials indicated that tetramycin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in both the FHB disease index and the level of DON accumulation. The reduced DON content in harvested grain was correlated with the amount of Tri5 mRNA determined by qRT-PCR. Synergistic effects between tetramycin and metconazole, in both the in vitro and field experiments were found. Tetramycin could provide an alternative option to control FHB.

Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 214-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Beccari ◽  
Consuelo Arellano ◽  
Lorenzo Covarelli ◽  
Francesco Tini ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Infection Timing

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Applications During and After Anthesis Against Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol in Soft Red Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1387-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. D'Angelo ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
K. A. Ames ◽  
K. T. Willyerd ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Seven field experiments were conducted in Ohio and Illinois between 2011 and 2013 to evaluate postanthesis applications of prothioconazole + tebuconazole and metconazole for Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol (DON) control in soft red winter wheat. Treatments consisted of an untreated check and fungicide applications made at early anthesis (A), 2 (A+2), 4 (A+4), 5 (A+5), or 6 (A+6) days after anthesis. Six of the seven experiments were augmented with artificial Fusarium graminearum inoculum, and the other was naturally infected. FHB index (IND), Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), and DON concentration of grain were quantified. All application timings led to significantly lower mean arcsine-square-root-transformed IND and FDK (arcIND and arcFDK) and log-transformed (logDON) than in the untreated check; however, arcIND, arcFDK, and logDON for the postanthesis applications were generally not significantly different from those for the anthesis applications. Relative to the check, A+2 resulted in the highest percent control for both IND and DON, 69 and 54%, respectively, followed by A+4 (62 and 52%), A+6 (62 and 48%), and A (56 and 50%). A+2 and A+6 significantly reduced IND by 30 and 14%, respectively, relative to the anthesis application. Postanthesis applications did not, however, reduce DON relative to the anthesis application. These results suggest that applications made up to 6 days following anthesis may be just as effective as, and sometimes more effective than, anthesis applications at reducing FHB and DON.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Possesses Virulence Factors Common to Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Seedling Rot of Soybean but Differing in Their Impact on Disease Severity

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Sella ◽  
Katia Gazzetti ◽  
Carla Castiglioni ◽  
Wilhelm Schäfer ◽  
Francesco Favaron
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Rot

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. This fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in North and South America. Several F. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to FHB in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. In this study we determined the disease severity on soybean seedlings of five single gene disrupted mutants of F. graminearum, previously characterized in wheat spike infection. Three of these mutants are impaired on a specific function as the production of deoxynivalenol (DON, Δtri5), lipase (ΔFgl1), and xylanase (Δxyl03624), while the remaining two are MAP kinase mutants (ΔFgOS-2, Δgpmk1), which are altered in signaling pathways. The mutants that were reduced in virulence (Δtri5, ΔFgl1, and ΔFgOS-2) or are avirulent (Δgpmk1) on wheat were correspondently less virulent or avirulent in soybean seedlings, as shown by the extension of lesions and seedling lengths. The Δxyl03624 mutant was as virulent as the wild type mirroring the behavior observed in wheat. However, a different ranking of symptom severity occurred in the two hosts: the ΔFgOS-2 mutant, that infects wheat spikelets similarly to Δtri5 and ΔFgl1 mutants, provided much reduced symptoms in soybean. Differently from the other mutants, we observed that the ΔFgOS-2 mutant was several fold more sensitive to the glyceollin phytoalexin suggesting that its reduced virulence may be due to its hypersensitivity to this phytoalexin. In conclusion, lipase and DON seem important for full disease symptom development in soybean seedlings, OS-2 and Gpmk1 MAP kinases are essential for virulence, and OS-2 is involved in conferring resistance to the soybean phytoalexin.

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