Genesis of Antibiotic Resistance LIII: “Virchow’s Triad” of Capillary (Vascular) Leak Syndrome (CLS) tethered Adverse Pressure Gradient exacerbated mortality rate in NCT01663701:
            A critical appraisal

Abstract The combustion properties of hydrogen make premixed hydrogen-air flames very prone to boundary layer flashback. This paper describes the improvement and extension of a boundary layer flashback model from Hoferichter [1] for flames confined in burner ducts. The original model did not perform well at higher preheat temperatures and overpredicted the backpressure of the flame at flashback by 4–5x. By simplifying the Lewis number dependent flame speed computation and by applying a generalized version of Stratford’s flow separation criterion [2], the prediction accuracy is improved significantly. The effect of adverse pressure gradient flow on the flashback limits in 2° and 4° diffusers is also captured adequately by coupling the model to flow simulations and taking into account the increased flow separation tendency in diffuser flow. Future research will focus on further experimental validation and direct numerical simulations to gain better insight into the role of the quenching distance and turbulence statistics.

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A Superposition Analysis of the Turbulent Boundary Layer in an Adverse Pressure Gradient

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4010226 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 95-100

Author(s):

Donald Ross ◽

J. M. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Shear Stress ◽

Wall Shear Stress ◽

Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽

Velocity Profile ◽

Pressure Gradient ◽

Adverse Pressure Gradient ◽

Pressure Recovery ◽

Stress Coefficient ◽

Wall Shear

Abstract As an interim solution to the problem of the turbulent boundary layer in an adverse pressure gradient, a super-position method of analysis has been developed. In this method, the velocity profile is considered to be the result of two effects: the wall shear stress and the pressure recovery. These are superimposed, yielding an expression for the velocity profiles which approximate measured distributions. The theory also leads to a more reasonable expression for the wall shear-stress coefficient.

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A Topological Study of the Genesis of a Horseshoe Vortex in the Symmetry Plane Due to an Adverse Pressure Gradient

10.1115/imece2001/fed-24926 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Martijn A. van den Berg ◽

Michael M. J. Proot ◽

Peter G. Bakker

Keyword(s):

Pressure Gradient ◽

Bifurcation Theory ◽

Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽

Nonlinear Dynamical System ◽

Symmetry Plane ◽

Adverse Pressure Gradient ◽

Horseshoe Vortex ◽

Nonlinear Dynamical ◽

Separating Flow ◽

Flow Through

Abstract The present paper describes the genesis of a horseshoe vortex in the symmetry plane in front of a juncture. In contrast to a previous topological investigation, the presence of the obstacle is no longer physically modelled. Instead, the pressure gradient, induced by the obstacle, has been used to represent its influence. Consequently, the results of this investigation can be applied to any symmetrical flow above a flat plate. The genesis of the vortical structure is analysed by using the theory of nonlinear differential equations and the bifurcation theory. In particular, the genesis of a horseshoe vortex can be described by the unfolding of the degenerate singularity resulting from a Jordan Normal Form with three vanishing eigenvalues and one linear term which is related to the adverse pressure gradient. The examination of this nonlinear dynamical system reveals that a horseshoe vortex emanates from a non-separating flow through two subsequent saddle-node bifurcations in different directions and the transition of a node into a focus located in the flow field.

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FLOW BEHAVIOUR OF OIL BLOB THROUGH A CAPILLARY TUBE CONSTRICTION DURING PULSED INJECTION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v81.10010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shiferaw Regassa Jufar ◽

Tareq M Al-Shami ◽

Ulugbek Djuraev ◽

Berihun Mamo Negash ◽

Mohammed Mahbubur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Pressure Gradient ◽

Transient Flow ◽

Capillary Tube ◽

Reverse Flow ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Adverse Pressure Gradient ◽

Gradient Zone ◽

Pulsed Injection ◽

Time Required ◽

Continuous Injection

A numerical simulation of flow of oil blob through a capillary tube constriction is presented. The simulation was run in a 2D axisymmetric model. Water is injected at the inlet to mobilize oil blob placed near the capillary tube constriction. Transient flow images were used to understand the flow evolution process. Results from the study show that pulsed injection effectively assisted to squeeze out the oil blob through the capillary tube constriction with shorter time compared to continuous injection. Pulsed injection reduced the time required for the first droplet to cross the capillary tube constriction by about 3 folds compared to continuous injection. In addition, the droplet that crossed the constriction is larger when the flow was pulsed. In both cases, there is a reverse flow in the opposite direction of the injection. However, the severity of the reverse flow is stronger in the case of continuous injection. Immediately downstream the constriction, there is an adverse pressure gradient zone during continuous injection which limits the mobility of droplet that crossed the constriction. However, in the case of pulsed injection, there is a favorable pressure gradient zone immediately downstream the constriction. This zone expedites mobility of droplets that cross the constriction by transporting them further downstream through suction effect. Apparently, pulsed injection eases off the adverse pressure gradient and allowed more volume of oil to pass through the constriction. Within about two periods of pulsation, 84% of original oil placed at the beginning crossed the constriction compared to only 35% in the case of continuous injection. Even though the same amount of water was injected in both cases, pulsed injection clearly altered the flow behavior. The observation from this study may be extended to more complex flows in order to tailor the method for certain specific applications, such as flow of residual oil through a reservoir.

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