EFFECTS OF CHRONIC PRENATAL STRESS ON ADULT BODY WEIGHT, PERCENT BODY FAT WEIGHT AND PLASMA LEPTIN IN MALE RATS

Body condition scoring (BCS) provides a readily available technique that can be used by both veterinary professionals and owners to assess the body condition of cats, and diagnose overweight or underweight conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate a five-point BCS system with half-point delineations using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Four evaluators (a veterinarian, veterinary technician, trained scorer and untrained scorer) assessed 133 neutered adult cats. For all scorers, BCS score was more strongly correlated with percent body fat than with body weight. Percent body fat increased by approximately 7% within each step increase in BCS. The veterinarian had the strongest correlation coefficient between BCS and percent fat (r = 0.80). Mean body fat in cats classified as being in ideal body condition was 12 and 19%, for 3.0 and 3.5 BCS, respectively. Within BCS category, male cats were significantly heavier in body weight than females within the same assigned BCS category. However, DXA-measured percent body fat did not differ significantly between male and female cats within BCS category, as assigned by the veterinarian ( P >0.13). Conversely, when assessed by others, mean percent body fat within BCS category was lower in males than females for cats classified as being overweight (BCS >4.0). The results of this study show that using a BCS system that has been validated within a range of normal weight to moderately overweight cats can help to differentiate between lean cats and cats that may not be excessively overweight, but that still carry a higher proportion of body fat.

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Effects of Reinforcement Based Exercise on Fitness and Work Productivity in Adults with Mental Retardation

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.9.2.148 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 148-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Ronald Croce ◽

Michael Horvat

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mental Retardation ◽

Body Fat ◽

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Fat Body ◽

Work Productivity ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Percent Body Fat

The present study evaluated the effects of a reinforcement based aerobic and resistance exercise program on three obese men with mental retardation and below average fitness levels. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was employed to evaluate treatment effectiveness and retention of treatment effects on five dependent measures: body weight, percent body fat (body composition), oxygen consumption (predicted max V̇O2 in ml/kg/min), composite isometric strength (in kg of force), and work productivity (pieces of work completed). Subjects improved during treatment from their baseline scores on cardiovascular fitness, strength, and work productivity measurements (p<.05); however, retention of gains made during treatment were inconsistent and the data that indicated subjects’ scores were regressing back toward baseline measurements. There were no significant differences for body weight and percent body fat measurements for treatment and retention phases (p>.05). Results indicated that adults with mental retardation respond to a progressive exercise program in much the same manner as their nonretarded peers and that such an exercise program can facilitate job performance.

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Hoarding Behaviour and the Defence of body Weight in Adult Rats, following Undernutrition during Different Periods of Early Development

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B ◽

10.1080/14640748208400870 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 34 (4b) ◽

pp. 183-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. N. Stephens

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Male Rats ◽

Body Weight Regulation ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Critical Weight ◽

Weight Losses ◽

Body Weights ◽

Adult Body ◽

Adult Body Weight

In Experiment I, male rats, previously undernourished by underfeeding their mothers during lactation, weighed less as adults than progeny of mothers underfed during gestation, or than normally-nourished control rats. Daily 16 h food deprivation of the adults induced weight loss and elicited hoarding of food pellets. Deprivation-induced weight losses at criterion for hoarding did not differ significantly among the groups, and the critical weight at which hoarding began was thus significantly lower in the lactationally-undernourished group than in the controls. Thus adult rats, previously undernourished during their suckling period, appear to defend their body weights in a manner similar to controls, although at a lower level. Lactationally-undernourished rats also hoarded significantly fewer pellets than controls. Similar results were obtained when the rats were partially satiated before hoarding tests, suggesting that hoarding scores were unlikely to have been significantly affected by competition with feeding. Foetal undernutrition had weaker, and less consistent effects than lactational undernutrition on the ad libitum weight of the adult, and on the critical weight for hoarding. In Experiment II, severe undernutrition after weaning did not affect adult body weight, the weight loss necessary to induce hoarding, or the number of pellets hoarded. It is concluded that the pre-weaning period is specifically sensitive to the effects of undernutrition on body weight regulation and on hoarding. The data on hoarding do not support the view that a period of undernutrition at any time in early life increases the rat's responsiveness towards food.

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Programmed obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted newborns: modulation by newborn nutrition

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288 (1) ◽

pp. R91-R96 ◽

Cited By ~ 215

Author(s):

Mina Desai ◽

Dave Gayle ◽

Jooby Babu ◽

Michael G. Ross

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Adult Obesity ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Nutrient Enhancement ◽

Normal Body Weight ◽

Catch Up ◽

Plasma Leptin

The degree of nutrient enhancement during the newborn period may modulate programming of appetite-regulating hormones, body composition, and propensity to adult obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) newborns. Pregnant rats received, from day 10 to term gestation and throughout lactation, ad libitum food (AdLib) or 50% food restriction (FR) to produce IUGR newborns. AdLib vs. FR offspring were studied at day 1, and, to create two distinct groups of newborn catch-up growth (immediate, delayed) among the IUGR newborns, cross-fostering techniques were employed. The four groups of pups at 3 wk were IUGR immediate catch-up growth (FR/AdLib), IUGR delayed catch-up growth (FR/FR), control (AdLib/AdLib), and lactation FR control (AdLib/FR). From 3 wk to 9 mo, all offspring had AdLib rat chow. Maternal FR during pregnancy resulted in IUGR pups (6.0 ± 0.3 vs. 7.1 ± 0.3 g, P < 0.01) with decreased leptin (0.66 ± 0.03 vs. 1.63 ± 0.12 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin (0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.26 ± 0.02 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Maternal FR during lactation (FR/FR) further impaired IUGR offspring growth at 3 wk. However, by 9 mo, these pups attained normal body weight, percent body fat, and plasma leptin levels. Conversely, IUGR offspring nursed by AdLib dams (FR/AdLib) exhibited rapid catch-up growth at 3 wk and continued accelerated growth, resulting in increased weight, percent body fat, and plasma leptin levels. Thus the degree of newborn nutrient enhancement and timing of IUGR newborn catch-up growth may determine the programming of orexigenic hormones and offspring obesity.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Adult body weight is programmed by a redox-regulated and energy-dependent process during the pronuclear stage in mouse.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13489060.14866185 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Keith Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dependent Process ◽

Adult Body ◽

Adult Body Weight ◽

Energy Dependent

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Oral Character and Attitudes and Behavior Related to Food and Eating

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.15 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 15-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jon K. Mills ◽

Jean Cunningham

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Female College Students ◽

Adult Personality ◽

Adult Body ◽

Adult Body Weight ◽

Projective Measure ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior ◽

Early Developmental

Freudian theory predicts that adult personality characteristics and behavior will reflect unresolved conflicts from early developmental stages. In this study, a card from the Blum's Blacky test was used as a projective measure of oral conflict with 35 male and 61 female college students. The presence of such conflict was significantly associated with deviations from norms for body weight, greater variability in adult body weight, rating food as important, and eating more frequently. However, ratings of preoccupation with food were not significantly related to scores for oral conflict. These findings support predictions from psychoanalytic theory and also point to the continued usefulness of the Blacky test in psychoanalytic research.

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Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1995.79.3.818 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 818-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

A. S. Ryan ◽

R. E. Pratley ◽

D. Elahi ◽

A. P. Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Management Program ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Plasma Norepinephrine ◽

Resistive Training

Percent body fat increases with age and is often accompanied by a loss in muscle mass, strength, and energy expenditure. The effects of 16 wk of resistive training (RT) alone or with weight loss (RTWL) on strength (isokinetic dynamometer), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), and sympathetic nervous system activity (catecholamines) were examined in 15 postmenopausal women (50–69 yr). RT resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body strength in both groups (P < 0.01). The nonobese women in the RT group (n = 8) did not change their body weight or fat mass with training. In the obese RTWL group (n = 7), body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass and RMR significantly increased with training in both groups combined (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in resting arterialized plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels in either group with training. RT increases strength with and without weight loss. Furthermore, RT and RTWL increase fat-free mass and RMR and decrease percent fat in postmenopausal women. Thus, RT may be a valuable component of an integrated weight management program in postmenopausal women.

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