Effects of Reinforcement Based Exercise on Fitness and Work Productivity in Adults with Mental Retardation

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Croce ◽  
Michael Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat

The present study evaluated the effects of a reinforcement based aerobic and resistance exercise program on three obese men with mental retardation and below average fitness levels. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was employed to evaluate treatment effectiveness and retention of treatment effects on five dependent measures: body weight, percent body fat (body composition), oxygen consumption (predicted max V̇O2 in ml/kg/min), composite isometric strength (in kg of force), and work productivity (pieces of work completed). Subjects improved during treatment from their baseline scores on cardiovascular fitness, strength, and work productivity measurements (p<.05); however, retention of gains made during treatment were inconsistent and the data that indicated subjects’ scores were regressing back toward baseline measurements. There were no significant differences for body weight and percent body fat measurements for treatment and retention phases (p>.05). Results indicated that adults with mental retardation respond to a progressive exercise program in much the same manner as their nonretarded peers and that such an exercise program can facilitate job performance.

Association among Fitness Components, Anxiety, and Confidence following Aerobic Training in Aquarunning

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Jambor ◽  
Mary E. Rudisill ◽  
Esther M. Weekes ◽  
Thomas J. Michaud
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Physical Measures ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Relationship Of

The relationship of actual and perceived physiological and physical changes, i.e., VO2max, percent body fat, body weight, and perceived fitness change, to changes in anxiety and confidence were investigated. 15 adults volunteered to participate in an 8-wk. exercise program and 15 adults volunteered to be in a nonexercising control group. Physiological and physical measures (VO2max, percent body fat, body weight) were taken at Week 1 (pretest week) and Week 10 (posttest week) of the program. Each subject completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-II prior to and just after the 8-wk. training program. Cognitive and somatic anxiety scores significantly decreased for both groups over the 8-wk. period. Confidence scores did not change for either group. The physiological variable and the physical measures were significantly related to cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, or confidence. It appears that both the aquarunning exercise and quiet rest sessions can be associated with anxiety within 8 wk.

A Comparison Of Two Pre-season Measures Of Body Weight, Percent Body Fat, Peak Torque, And Percent Decline In College Wrestlers

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Doug Smith ◽  
Aric Warren ◽  
Matt O‘Brien ◽  
Steve Rossi ◽  
Thomas Buford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Percent Decline

Trained vs untrained evaluator assessment of body condition score as a predictor of percent body fat in adult cats

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 957-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
Joe DiGennaro ◽  
Cynthia Lanman ◽  
Dawn Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Veterinary Technician ◽  
Adult Cats

Body condition scoring (BCS) provides a readily available technique that can be used by both veterinary professionals and owners to assess the body condition of cats, and diagnose overweight or underweight conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate a five-point BCS system with half-point delineations using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Four evaluators (a veterinarian, veterinary technician, trained scorer and untrained scorer) assessed 133 neutered adult cats. For all scorers, BCS score was more strongly correlated with percent body fat than with body weight. Percent body fat increased by approximately 7% within each step increase in BCS. The veterinarian had the strongest correlation coefficient between BCS and percent fat (r = 0.80). Mean body fat in cats classified as being in ideal body condition was 12 and 19%, for 3.0 and 3.5 BCS, respectively. Within BCS category, male cats were significantly heavier in body weight than females within the same assigned BCS category. However, DXA-measured percent body fat did not differ significantly between male and female cats within BCS category, as assigned by the veterinarian ( P >0.13). Conversely, when assessed by others, mean percent body fat within BCS category was lower in males than females for cats classified as being overweight (BCS >4.0). The results of this study show that using a BCS system that has been validated within a range of normal weight to moderately overweight cats can help to differentiate between lean cats and cats that may not be excessively overweight, but that still carry a higher proportion of body fat.

A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of an Eight-Week Aerobic Exercise Program for Female Clerical Employees

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Brian W. Epps ◽  
Stelle E. Washburn ◽  
John G. Casali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Information Feedback ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Submaximal Heart Rate

This investigation was undertaken to: 1) determine the effects of a short-term aerobic exercise program on fitness, 2) pre-test possible physiological metrics for inclusion in a fitness information feedback system in anticipation of a future long-term research study. Eight female participants in an eight-week aerobic exercise program served as subjects. Three measurement sessions (pre-, mid-, and post-program) were used to collect: body weight, percent body fat, resting heart rate, resting systolic blood pressure, resting diastolic blood pressure, submaximal heart rate during bicycle ergometer exercise, recovery heart rate, and post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressures. VO2 max was predicted based on submaximal heart rate, workload, and weight. Subjects were given measurement results following each session as a form of fitness information feedback. Results based on multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis at variance, and subsequent Newman-Keuls tests revealed that short-term aerobic exercise classes can be expected to produce cardiovascular training effects, but have minimal effect on body weight and percent body fat.

Congruence of Three Risk Indices for Obesity in a Population of Adults with Mental Retardation

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Rimmer ◽  
David Braddock ◽  
Glenn Fujiura
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Percent Body Fat

A body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 has been cited as a risk factor for heart disease and diabetes mellitus resulting from excess weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between BMI (>27) and two other obesity indices–height-weight and percent body fat–as well as to investigate the relationship between BMI and three blood lipid parameters–total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 329 adults with mental retardation (MR). Males were significantly taller and heavier than females, but females had a significantly higher BMI. Kendall’s Tau-C revealed a significant association between BMI and each of the following: height-weight, percent body fat, LDL-C, and HDL-C. However, there were a significant number of false negatives and false positives on each of the criteria. The congruence between at-risk BMI and two other obesity parameters (height-weight and percent body fat) in a population of adults with MR is not strong. Professionals should employ the BMI along with skinfold measures to assess a person’s at-risk status for excess weight.

Fitness Levels of Adult Special Olympic Participants

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Pitetti ◽  
James A. Jackson ◽  
Nancy B. Stubbs ◽  
Kathryn D. Campbell ◽  
Saraswathy S. Battar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fitness Levels

Comparative and longitudinal studies were performed to determine the effect of Special Olympic activities on the physical fitness of participants. The comparative study compared cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and blood lipid profiles of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult Special Olympic participants (SOP) with those of nontraining, nonhandicapped (NTNH) and training nonhandicapped (TNH) adults. The results indicated that SOP displayed lower fitness profiles than TNH. Male SOP demonstrated fitness profiles similar to NTNH while female SOP showed lower cardiovascular fitness levels than both TNH and NTNH. The longitudinal study compared cardiovascular fitness and percent body fat of non-Down, mildly mentally retarded adult SOP before and after 4 to 18 months of Special Olympic activities. This latter study showed no significant change in body weight, percent body fat, or cardiovascular fitness during a time period that averaged over 13 months for each participant. The results indicated that the intensity level of activity for the SOP in this study failed to improve physical fitness.

The Effects of Different Percentages of Dietary Fat Intake, Exercise, and Calorie Restriction on Body Composition and Body Weight in Obese Females

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Powell ◽  
Larry Tucker ◽  
A. Garth Fisher ◽  
Kim Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Walking Program

Purpose. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of varying the amount of dietary fat, while holding calories at 1,200 kcals/day, on body weight and percent body fat in 35 obese women. Design. A pretest, midtest, posttest experimental design was employed, and subjects were randomly divided into one of four dietary fat groups, with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of caloric intake as dietary fat. Intervention. Subjects consumed 1,200 kcals/day and a specified percentage of total energy as fat, depending on their dietary group. Protein was held constant at 20%. All subjects engaged in a five day/week walking program. Setting. Participants were recruited from the general community using newspaper advertisements. Subjects. Thirty-five obese women 25 to 45 years of age (means=38 ± 4.97) served as subjects. All were at least 20% above ideal weight and 30% to 52% body fat. Measures. Percent body fat, body weight, and anthropomorphic measurements were taken at baseline, six and 12 weeks. Dietary intake was recorded daily by each subject, and exercise walking logs were maintained by each participant. Results. All subjects lost body weight and body fat; however, there were no significant differences in the rate or amount of body weight or percent body fat lost across the four groups during the intervention. Conclusions. It appears that during calorie restriction and exercise for 12 weeks, percent of calories derived from dietary fats does not influence loss of body weight or percent body fat in adult obese women.

Physical Fitness of Trained Runners with and without Mild Mental Retardation

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia C. Frey ◽  
Jeffrey A. McCubbin ◽  
Steve Hannigan-Downs ◽  
Susan L Kasser ◽  
Steven O. Skaggs
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Hamstring Flexibility ◽  
Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness levels of trained runners with mild mental retardation (MMR) (7 males and 2 females, age = 28.7 ± 7.4 years, weight = 67.0 ± 11.7 kg) and those without (7 males and 2 females, age = 29.1 ± 7.5, weight = 68.7 ± 8.8 kg). Paired t tests revealed no differences between runners with and without MMR on measures of V̇O2peak (56.3 ± 9.1 vs. 57.7 ± 4.1 ml · kg-1 · min-1), percent body fat (16.6 ± 8.4 vs. 16.6 ± 3.1), and lower back/hamstring flexibility (33.1 ± 10.9 vs. 28.6 ± 10.1 cm). Knee flexion (KF) and extension (KE) strength were significantly greater in runners without MMR compared to those with MMR (KF peak torque = 65.7 ±7.9 vs. 48.7 ± 15.7 ft/lb; KE peak torque = 138.5 ± 17.7 vs. 104.4 ± 29.9 ft/lb). It was concluded that trained runners with MMR can achieve high levels of physical fitness comparable to individuals without MMR.

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