Higher‐Protein Intake during Sustained Negative Energy Balance Attenuates Elevations in Resting Metabolic Rate at High Altitude (4300 m)

Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usab140 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Mullie ◽

Pieter Maes ◽

Laurens van Veelen ◽

Damien Van Tiggelen ◽

Peter Clarys

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Rest Metabolic Rate ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

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Evidence Of Negative Energy Balance In Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners During Intense High-altitude Training

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/00005768-200505001-00774 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 37 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S142

Author(s):

Barry Fudge ◽

Klaas R. Westerterp ◽

Festus K. Kiplamai ◽

Vincent O. Onywera ◽

Michael K. Boit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

High Altitude ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Endurance Runners

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Effect of Protein Intake on IGF-I System Responses to a 7-Day Exercise-Induced Negative Energy Balance

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/00005768-200605001-02907 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S486

Author(s):

Kevin R. Rarick ◽

Matthew A. Pikosky ◽

Andrew J. Young ◽

Ann Grediagin ◽

Tracey J. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Igf I ◽

Exercise Induced

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Evidence Of Negative Energy Balance In Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners During Intense High-altitude Training

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1097/00005768-200505001-00774 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 37 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S142

Author(s):

Barry Fudge ◽

Klaas R. Westerterp ◽

Festus K. Kiplamai ◽

Vincent O. Onywera ◽

Michael K. Boit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

High Altitude ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Altitude Training ◽

Endurance Runners

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Energy expenditure and balance during spaceflight on the space shuttle

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.6.r1739 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (6) ◽

pp. R1739-R1748 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

T. P. Stein ◽

M. J. Leskiw ◽

M. D. Schluter ◽

R. W. Hoyt ◽

H. W. Lane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Space Shuttle ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Bed Rest ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Negative Energy Balance ◽

Flight Experiment

The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to measure human energy expenditure (EE) during spaceflight on a shuttle mission by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method; 2) to determine whether the astronauts were in negative energy balance during spaceflight; 3) to use the comparison of change in body fat as measured by the intake DLW EE,18O dilution, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to validate the DLW method for spaceflight; and 4) to compare EE during spaceflight against that found with bed rest. Two experiments were conducted: a flight experiment ( n = 4) on the 16-day 1996 life and microgravity sciences shuttle mission and a 6° head-down tilt bed rest study with controlled dietary intake ( n = 8). The bed rest study was designed to simulate the flight experiment and included exercise. Two EE determinations were done before flight (bed rest), during flight (bed rest), and after flight (recovery). Energy intake and N balance were monitored for the entire period. Results were that body weight, water, fat, and energy balance were unchanged with bed rest. For the flight experiment, decreases in weight (2.6 ± 0.4 kg, P < 0.05) and N retention (−2.37 ± 0.45 g N/day, P < 0.05) were found. Dietary intake for the four astronauts was reduced in flight (3,025 ± 180 vs. 1,943 ± 179 kcal/day, P < 0.05). EE in flight was 3,320 ± 155 kcal/day, resulting in a negative energy balance of 1,355 ± 80 kcal/day (−15.7 ± 1.0 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, P < 0.05). This corresponded to a loss of 2.1 ± 0.4 kg body fat, which was within experimental error of the fat loss determined by18O dilution (−1.4 ± 0.5 kg) and DEXA (−2.4 ± 0.4 kg). All three methods showed no change in body fat with bed rest. In conclusion, 1) the DLW method for measuring EE during spaceflight is valid, 2) the astronauts were in severe negative energy balance and oxidized body fat, and 3) in-flight energy (E) requirements can be predicted from the equation: E = 1.40 × resting metabolic rate + exercise.

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Energy intake and expenditure in elderly patients admitted to hospital with acute illness

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19950033 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 323-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

K. Klipstein-Grobusch ◽

J. J. Reilly ◽

J. Potter ◽

C. A. Edwards ◽

M. A. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Total Energy ◽

Patient Group ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Acute Illness ◽

Negative Energy Balance

Studies on hospitalized elderly subjects have demonstrated that negative energy balance is common during hospitalization, but have concentrated primarily on long-stay and psychogeriatric patients. There is little information on energy balance in elderly patients admitted with acute illness from the community, despite the importance of this patient group and the presence of a number of factors likely to predispose such patients to negative energy balance. In the present study energy balance was quantified in twenty patients (eight males, mean age 82 (SD 05) years; twelve females, mean age 84 (SD 6) years) admitted from the community with acute illness, and predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) was compared with measured resting metabolic rate (RMR). Most patients were in negative energy balance during hospitalization, and median measured energy intake (El):measured RMR ratio was 1·0 (range 0·7–1·8). The mean difference between measured El and estimated total energy expenditure was −1·3 MJ/d (range -3·4 to +2·5 MJ/d). Estimated total energy expenditure exceeded measured El in fifteen of the patients and there was a significant decline in mid-arm muscle circumference (paired t, P < 0·05) during hospitalization. We conclude that moderate negative energy balance is common in this patient group, and that these patients are at risk of undernutrition during their hospital stay.

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