The Dose-Effect Relationships between Torture and Psychiatric Symptoms in Vietnamese Ex-Political Detainees and a Comparison Group

1998 ◽  
Vol 186 (9) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD F. MOLLICA ◽  
KEITH MCINNES ◽  
THANG PHAM ◽  
MARY CATHERINE SMITH FAWZI ◽  
ELIZABETH MURPHY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Dose Effect

Motivational Interviewing–Based Compliance/Adherence Therapy Interventions to Improve Psychiatric Symptoms of People With Severe Mental Illness: Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choochart Wong-Anuchit ◽  
Chutima Chantamit-o-pas ◽  
Joanne Kraenzle Schneider ◽  
Andrew C. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Moderate Effect Size ◽  
Therapy Interventions ◽  
Adherence Therapy

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence is the leading cause of relapse in mental illness. No quantitative synthesis of multiple studies has been conducted to determine the effect of motivational interviewing (MI)–based compliance/adherence therapy (CAT) interventions on people with severe mental illness. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the studies that examined the effectiveness of MI-based CAT interventions to improve psychiatric symptoms. DESIGN: Quantitative meta-analysis. RESULTS: Sixteen primary studies were retrieved ( N =1267 participants). MI-based CAT interventions significantly improved psychiatric symptoms with a moderate effect size (ES) of .45. Longer sessions and higher intervention doses showed significantly greater ESs than shorter sessions and lower doses. ESs were significantly lower when participants were older and when there was a longer period between the intervention and outcome measurement. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the effectiveness of MI-based CAT interventions. Session length and dose effect should be considered when tailoring MI to clients.

scholarly journals Association Between Acid-Suppressive Agents’ Use and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Dose-Response ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155932582090753
Author(s):  
Hsiu C. Lin ◽  
Huan Y. Hsu ◽  
Hsiu L. Lin ◽  
Yow S. Uang ◽  
Yi Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Matched Comparison ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background: Acid-suppressive agents (ASAs), which are mostly used in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases (UGIDs), may influence the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients with UGID who used ASAs and those who did not receive ASAs were identified. Patients without UGIDs were randomly selected and matched (comparison group). All groups were followed up for 6 years. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of HCC among the different groups. Results: Patients with UGID who used ASAs had a significantly elevated HCC risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-1.76] compared to those who did not use ASAs. Patients with UGID who used more than 540 defined daily doses of ASAs had a significantly higher risk of HCC (adjusted HR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.62-2.58). Moreover, the dose effect on HCC risk exhibited a significant increasing trend ( P < .01). Furthermore, patients with UGID who did not use ASAs had a significantly elevated HCC risk (adjusted HR 1.94; 95% CI, 1.59-2.36) compared to the comparison group. Conclusion: The use of ASAs increased the risk of HCC in patients with UGIDs, and the effect of ASAs was dose dependent. In addition, UGIDs alone increased the risk of HCC.

Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Mollica ◽  
Keith McInnes ◽  
Charles Pool ◽  
Svang Tor
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Cumulative Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Post Traumatic

BackgroundThe dose – effect relationships of cumulative trauma to the psychiatric symptoms of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community study of Cambodian survivors of mass violence were evaluated.MethodIn 1990, a survey of 1000 households was conducted in aThai refugee camp (Site 2) using a multi-stage random sampling design. Trauma history and psychiatric symptoms were assessed for two time periods. Analysis used linear dose – response regression modelling.Results993 Cambodian adults reported a mean of 14 Pol Pot era trauma events and 1.3 trauma events during the past year. Symptom categories of depression, PTSD, dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms exhibited strong dose – effect responses with the exception of avoidance. All symptom categories, except avoidant symptoms, were highly correlated.ConclusionsCumulative trauma continued to affect psychiatric symptom levels a decade after the original trauma events. The diagnostic validity of PTSD criteria, with the notable exception of avoidance, was supported. Inclusion of dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms increased the cultural sensitivity of PTSD.

scholarly journals Another Perspective of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test – Part II: A Quantitative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
D. Detullio
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Screening Instrument ◽  
Forensic Assessment ◽  
Average Sensitivity ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Analytic Methods ◽  
Clinical Comparison

Reference [1] presented pooled data for the specificity of the M-FAST cut-off, but ignored or excluded data based on poor justifications and used questionable analytic methods. The analyses here corrected the problems associated with [1]. No moderator substantively influenced sensitivity values. Therefore, sensitivity values were pooled across all studies (k = 25) to provide an overall estimate. Overall, the average sensitivity of the M-FAST cut-off was estimated to be 0.87, 95% CI [0.80, 0.91], and 80% of true sensitivity values were estimated to range from 0.63 to 0.96. Thus, there could be methodological scenarios when the M-FAST cut-off may not operate efficiently. Average specificity values for the M-FAST cut-off were moderated by one variable: the comparison group. On average, specificity values for clinical comparison (k = 15) groups (i.e., 0.80, 95% CI [0.73, 0.85]) were lower than specificity values for non-clinical comparison (k = 11) groups (i.e., 0.96, 95% CI [0.89, 0.99]). Unlike the CIs, the estimated distributions of true specificity values for the two subgroups overlapped, which suggests there could be scenarios when these subgroups share the same true specificity value. The M-FAST was designed to be a screener to detect potential feigning of psychiatric symptoms. An examinee is never to be designating as feigning or malingering psychiatric symptoms based on only a positive M-FAST result. As a screening instrument, the results here show that the M-FAST cut-off is operating adequately overall and negate the conclusions of [1].

scholarly journals Resemblance and clustering of mother’s and father’s psychopathology levels among Chinese parents of schoolchildren with psychiatric disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Yunyong Liu ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia An ◽  
Shaohe Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parental Symptoms ◽  
Chinese Parents ◽  
Matched Comparison

Abstract Background Few studies have assessed the characteristics of spousal psychopathologies among parents of schoolchildren with and without psychological disorders (PD) in China. Methods Parental symptoms were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in 275 mothers and 278 fathers of 298 schoolchildren with PDs diagnosed in a population survey and in 825 mothers and 834 fathers of 894 schoolchildren without PDs as a 1:3 matched comparison group. Spousal GHQ scores were compared. Childhood PD type, presence of childhood comorbidities, and multiple parental and family characteristics were examined as predictors for parental GHQ scores by multiple linear regression analyses. Results The GHQ scores were significantly higher among mothers and fathers of children with any PD. Maternal GHQ scores were higher than paternal scores and significantly correlated with paternal GHQ scores in both groups. Spousal GHQ, personal PD history, and childhood PD comorbidity were significant independent predictors of both parents’ GHQ scores. There were also significant associations among parental chronic disease, low family income, and paternal and maternal GHQ score, as well as among low maternal education, less common disorder (LCD) prevalence in children and maternal GHQ score. The rate of GHQ score ≥3 for both parents was significantly higher in the study group than the control group (15.1 vs.7.0%). Conclusions Parents of children with any PD type demonstrate significantly elevated psychopathologies, and psychopathology tends to occur concomitantly and resemble that of the other spouse. Screening and treatment of parental psychiatric symptoms will benefit all family members.

Review of the Radiation Damage Problem of Organic Specimens in Electron Microscopy

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
L. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Damage Processes

Most information about a specimen is obtained by elastic scattering of electrons, but one cannot avoid inelastic scattering and therefore radiation damage by ionisation as a primary process of damage. This damage is a dose effect, being proportional to the product of lectron current density j and the irradiation time t in Coul.cm−2 as long as there is a negligible heating of the specimen.Therefore one has to determine the dose needed to produce secondary damage processes, which can be measured quantitatively by a chemical or physical effect in the thin specimen. The survival of micro-organisms or the decrease of photoconductivity and cathodoluminescence are such effects needing very small doses (see table).

Skin Conductance and Subjective Arousal in Anxiety, Depression, and Comorbidity

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laina E. Rosebrock ◽  
Denada Hoxha ◽  
Catherine Norris ◽  
John T. Cacioppo ◽  
Jackie K. Gollan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Autonomic Arousal ◽  
Emotional Picture ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Picture Viewing ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Subjective Arousal ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract. Skin conductance (SC), an autonomic arousal measure of the sympathetic nervous system, is a sensitive and useful index of physiological arousal. However, SC data does not always align with self-reports of arousal. SC, self-reported arousal, and their association, known as emotion coherence, may be altered with the presence of major psychiatric illness. This study investigated group differences on SC reactivity and self-reported arousal while viewing positive, negative, neutral, and threat images between participants diagnosed with major depression with and without anxiety disorders relative to a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the strength and direction of association between SC reactivity and arousal ratings (emotion coherence) was examined within groups. Unmedicated participants were recruited via online and paper advertisements around Chicago and categorized into one of four groups (Depressed: n = 35, Anxious: n = 44, Comorbid: n = 38, Healthy: n = 29). SC and affect ratings were collected during and after a standardized emotional picture viewing task. SC reactivity was significantly higher during threat images, regardless of group. During threat image presentation, increased SC reactivity occurred during the last few seconds before picture offset; for all other stimulus types, SC reactivity decreased significantly after picture offset. Anxious and comorbid participants rated emotional images as more arousing than healthy participants; there were no observed differences in arousal ratings between depressed and healthy participants. Heightened reactivity in anxiety may manifest in arousal ratings without corresponding increased SC reactivity to emotional images. Results do not suggest underlying altered psychophysiology in this sample of depressed or anxious participants.

Negative Life Events Associated With Deliberate Self-Harm in an African Population in Uganda

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kinyanda ◽  
H. Hjelmeland ◽  
S. Musisi
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Suicide Interventions

Abstract. Negative life events associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH) were investigated in an African context in Uganda. Patients admitted at three general hospitals in Kampala, Uganda were interviewed using a Luganda version (predominant language in the study area) of the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule I. The results of the life events and histories module are reported in this paper. The categories of negative life events in childhood that were significantly associated with DSH included those related to parents, significant others, personal events, and the total negative life events load in childhood. For the later-life time period, the negative life events load in the partner category and the total negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. In the last-year time period, the negative life events load related to personal events and the total number of negative life events in this time period were associated with DSH. A statistically significant difference between the cases and controls for the total number of negative life events reported over the entire lifetime of the respondents was also observed, which suggests a dose effect of negative life events on DSH. Gender differences were also observed among the cases. In conclusion, life events appear to be an important factor in DSH in this cultural environment. The implication of these results for treatment and the future development of suicide interventions in this country are discussed.

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