IL-19 and IFN-lambda, new cytokines that modulate the human Th2 response

Colonization by the benign tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has been associated with a reduction in intestinal inflammation and changes in bacterial microbiota. However, the role of microbiota in the tapeworm anti-inflammatory effect is not yet clear, and the aim of this study was to determine whether disruption of the microflora during worm colonization can affect the course of intestinal inflammation. We added a phase for disrupting the intestinal microbiota using antibiotics to the experimental design for which we previously demonstrated the protective effect of H. diminuta. We monitored the immunological markers, clinical parameters, bacterial microbiota, and histological changes in the colon of rats. After a combination of colonization, antibiotics, and colitis induction, we had four differently affected experimental groups. We observed a different course of the immune response in each group, but no protective effect was found. Rats treated with colonization and antibiotics showed a strong induction of the Th2 response as well as a significant change in microbial diversity. The microbial results also revealed differences in the richness and abundance of some bacterial taxa, influenced by various factors. Our data suggest that interactions between the tapeworm and bacteria may have a major impact on its protective effect.

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Remission of Alopecia Universalis after 1 Year of Treatment with Dupilumab in a Patient with Severe Atopic Dermatitis

Skin Appendage Disorders ◽

10.1159/000517832 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Maurizio Romagnuolo ◽

Mauro Barbareschi ◽

Simona Tavecchio ◽

Luisa Angileri ◽

Silvia Mariel Ferrucci

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Skin Disorder ◽

Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Severe Atopic Dermatitis ◽

T Helper ◽

T Helper 1 ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Alopecia Universalis ◽

T Helper 2 ◽

Relapsing Remitting

Alopecia areata (AA), an autoimmune disease with a relapsing-remitting course, represents the second cause of nonscarring alopecia worldwide and is associated with several comorbidities, notably atopic dermatitis (AD). In particular, AD is related to its more severe forms alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU) [Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17011]. Considering that AA has been classified as T helper 1-driven disease, whereas AD is the prototypical T helper 2 (Th2)-driven skin disorder, recent studies suggest that these forms may underlie a different chemokine expression resulting in a Th2 skewing as a key pathomechanism that could explain this association [JAMA Dermatol. 2015 May;151(5):522–8]. Several reports showed that dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin 4α receptor and thus downregulating Th2 response, led to an improvement of AA associated with AD; most of these patients were females with AT or AU, early-onset AD, and atopic comorbidities [Exp Dermatol. 2020 Aug;29(8):726–32]. We report here a case to further support this hypothesis.

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B. adolescentis ameliorates chronic colitis by regulating Treg/Th2 response and gut microbiota remodeling

Gut Microbes ◽

10.1080/19490976.2020.1826746 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Lina Fan ◽

Yadong Qi ◽

Siwen Qu ◽

Xueqin Chen ◽

Aiqing Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Chronic Colitis ◽

Th2 Response

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SERPINB10 contributes to asthma by inhibiting the apoptosis of allergenic Th2 cells

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/s12931-021-01757-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuqing Mo ◽

Ling Ye ◽

Hui Cai ◽

Guiping Zhu ◽

Jian Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Allergic Asthma ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Allergic Inflammation ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Th1 Cells ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Th1 And Th2

Abstract Background Serine peptidase inhibitor, clade B, member 10 (SERPINB10) contributes to allergic inflammation in asthma. However, its role in the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response of allergic asthma is not known. The goal of this study was to unveil the function of SERPINB10 in the Th2 response of allergic asthma and the mechanism by which SERPINB10 affects the viability of Th2 cells. Methods Th2 cytokines and serum levels of house dust mite (HDM)-specific IgE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were examined by ELISA in an HDM-induced asthma model. The number and apoptosis of Th1 and Th2 cells in mouse lungs were measured by flow cytometry. Naïve CD4 T cells from patients with asthma were cultured under appropriate polarizing conditions to generate Th1 and Th2 cells. SERPINB10 expression in polarized Th1 and Th2 cells was quantified by real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. SERPINB10 expression was knocked down in human CD4 T cells with lentivirus. Results Knockdown of SERPINB10 expression significantly diminished HDM-induced Th2 cytokine secretion and level of HDM-specific IgE. After HDM exposure, SERPINB10-knockdown mice had diminished numbers of Th2 cells, but similar numbers of Th1 cells, compared with those in negative-control mice. Th2 cells of SERPINB10-knockdown mice were more susceptible to apoptosis than that of control mice. Stimulating T-cell receptors (TCRs) with anti-CD3 antibody caused upregulation of SERPINB10 expression in polarized Th2 cells, but not polarized Th1 cells. Knockdown of SERPINB10 expression resulted in fewer numbers and greater apoptosis of polarized Th2 cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that SERPINB10 may contribute to allergic inflammation and the Th2 response of asthma by inhibiting the apoptosis of Th2 cells.

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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) total RNA against ETEC challenge in a mouse model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77551-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mandi Liu ◽

Yue Zhang ◽

Di Zhang ◽

Yun Bai ◽

Guomei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Total Rna ◽

Etec Infection

AbstractEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an essential cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets, leads to significant economic losses to the pig industry. The present study aims to identify the role of ETEC total RNA in eliciting immune responses to protect animals against ETEC infection. The results showed that the total RNA isolated from pig-derived ETEC K88ac strain effectively stimulated the IL-1β secretion of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The mouse model immunized with ETEC total RNA via intramuscular injection (IM) or oral route (OR) was used to evaluate the protective efficiency of the ETEC total RNA. The results suggested that 70 μg ETEC total RNA administered by either route significantly promoted the production of the serum IL-1β and K88ac specific immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Besides, the ETEC RNA administration augmented strong mucosal immunity by elevating K88ac specific IgA level in the intestinal fluid. Intramuscularly administered RNA induced a Th1/Th2 shift toward a Th2 response, while the orally administered RNA did not. The ETEC total RNA efficiently protected the animals against the ETEC challenge either by itself or as an adjuvant. The histology characterization of the small intestines also suggested the ETEC RNA administration protected the small intestinal structure against the ETEC infection. Particularly of note was that the immunity level and protective efficacy caused by ETEC RNA were dose-dependent. These findings will help understand the role of bacterial RNA in eliciting immune responses, and benefit the development of RNA-based vaccines or adjuvants.

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Current Insights into Immunology and Novel Therapeutics of Atopic Dermatitis

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10061392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1392

Author(s):

Hidaya A. Kader ◽

Muhammad Azeem ◽

Suhib A. Jwayed ◽

Aaesha Al-Shehhi ◽

Attia Tabassum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Therapeutic Outcomes ◽

Environmental Agents ◽

Novel Treatment Strategies

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory disease among non-fatal skin diseases, affecting up to one fifth of the population in developed countries. AD is characterized by recurrent pruritic and localized eczema with seasonal fluctuations. AD initializes the phenomenon of atopic march, during which infant AD patients are predisposed to progressive secondary allergies such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies. The pathophysiology of AD is complex; onset of the disease is caused by several factors, including strong genetic predisposition, disrupted epidermal barrier, and immune dysregulation. AD was initially characterized by defects in the innate immune system and a vigorous skewed adaptive Th2 response to environmental agents; there are compelling evidences that the disorder involves multiple immune pathways. Symptomatic palliative treatment is the only strategy to manage the disease and restore skin integrity. Researchers are trying to more precisely define the contribution of different AD genotypes and elucidate the role of various immune axes. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge about the roles of innate and adaptive immune responsive cells in AD. In addition, current and novel treatment strategies for the management of AD are comprehensively described, including some ongoing clinical trials and promising therapeutic agents. This information will provide an asset towards identifying personalized targets for better therapeutic outcomes.

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145 Interferon Lambda (IL-29) Downregulates the Human Th2 Response

Cytokine ◽

10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.150 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Shekar Srinivas ◽

Jeff Babad ◽

Joyce Eskdale ◽

Shih-hsin Kan ◽

Grant Gallagher

Keyword(s):

Th2 Response ◽

Interferon Lambda

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Prediction of IL4 Inducing Peptides

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1155/2013/263952 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Sandeep Kumar Dhanda ◽

Sudheer Gupta ◽

Pooja Vir ◽

G. P. S. Raghava

Keyword(s):

Mhc Class Ii ◽

Critical Role ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Th2 Response ◽

Data Set ◽

T Helper 2 ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Antibody Class ◽

First Time ◽

Motif Information

The secretion of Interleukin-4 (IL4) is the characteristic of T-helper 2 responses. IL4 is a cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells in response to helminthes and other extracellular parasites. It has a critical role in guiding antibody class switching, hematopoiesis and inflammation, and the development of appropriate effector T-cell responses. In this study, it is the first time an attempt has been made to understand whether it is possible to predict IL4 inducing peptides. The data set used in this study comprises 904 experimentally validated IL4 inducing and 742 noninducing MHC class II binders. Our analysis revealed that certain types of residues are preferred at certain positions in IL4 inducing peptides. It was also observed that IL4 inducing and noninducing epitopes differ in compositional and motif pattern. Based on our analysis we developed classification models where the hybrid method of amino acid pairs and motif information performed the best with maximum accuracy of 75.76% and MCC of 0.51. These results indicate that it is possible to predict IL4 inducing peptides with reasonable precession. These models would be useful in designing the peptides that may induce desired Th2 response.

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