Use of Organ Dysfunction as A Primary Outcome Variable Following Cecal Ligation and Puncture

INTRODUCTION Gallstones are the most common conditions encountered in surgical OPD. The prevalence rose with age, except in women of 40-49 years, so that at 60-69 years, 22.4% of women and 11.5% of men had gall stones or had undergone cholecystectomy. With the help of this study, best treatment option for cholecystectomy patient (whether to insert drain or not), was ensured in terms of post lap cholecystectomy collections of bile or blood, drain site pain. The study was provide knowledge whether drain insertion was benecial or harmful to patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS This comparative study was presented to the surgery OPD and emergency department with cholelithiasis within a period of 1 year from the approval of Research committee and Ethics Committee, Adesh institute of medical sciences and research, Bathinda. The primary outcome variable used to calculate sample size is amount of collection on post-operative day 3(Quantitative Variable) in both groups. Total 100 patients were present in this study. RESULT In this present study VAS median grade in patients with drain was G4 (48%), followed by G3(47%) then G2(5%). VAS median grade in without drain group was G2 (48%), followed by G3(31%) and G1(16%). CONCLUSION There is no signicant difference as far as post operative wound infection in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with drain or without drain. Therefore in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy keeping drain can be avoided as it does not provide any additional benet.

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Primary Outcome Variable

10.32388/d9ljum ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Primary Outcome Variable

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Fractures in the Pediatric Emergency Department: Are We Considering Abuse?

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/0009922818759319 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 1161-1167 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lindsay R. Lavin ◽

Cody H. Penrod ◽

Cristina M. Estrada ◽

Donald H. Arnold ◽

Benjamin R. Saville ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Pediatric Emergency Department ◽

Emergency Physicians ◽

Primary Outcome Variable

Approximately one fourths of infant fractures are due to abuse. Recognition of abuse is important to avoid further morbidity/mortality. There is limited knowledge regarding how frequently pediatric emergency department clinicians consider abuse in infants with fractures. Our primary objective was to estimate the percentage of infants with fractures for whom abuse was considered, and to examine characteristics associated with abuse consideration. We performed a retrospective review of infants <1 year of age presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Our primary outcome variable was consideration of abuse. Our secondary outcome measures were identification of predictor variables associated with consideration of abuse. We identified 509 infants meeting study criteria. Pediatric emergency physicians considered abuse in approximately two thirds of infants with fractures. Consideration was more likely to occur in younger infants, in the presence of no history or unwitnessed injury mechanism, when evaluated by male physicians, and emergency department encounters from 12 am to 6 am.

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Abstract P551: Platelet Activation is Associated with Pulmonary Edema and Renal Injury in a Rat Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p551 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeanne Ishimwe ◽

Maggie L McCalmon ◽

Corbin A Shields ◽

Ashley Gnam ◽

Jan M Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Pulmonary Edema ◽

Organ Dysfunction ◽

Platelet Activation ◽

Rat Model ◽

Renal Injury ◽

Cecal Ligation ◽

Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽

Activated Platelets ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Sepsis, life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection, is positively correlated with platelet activation. Furthermore, clinical studies have also shown that platelet activation is associated with sepsis severity, suggesting a role for platelets in sepsis pathophysiology. Despite this correlation, the underlying mechanisms by which activated platelets contribute to sepsis are under investigated. In preliminary studies, we set out to determine if platelet activation is associated with multi-organ dysfunction and injury in a rat model of chronic polymicrobial abdominal sepsis. Sepsis was induced via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by cecum removal 24 hours post-CLP. At 72 hours post-CLP, blood, urine, and tissues were collected for analysis. Platelet activation was measured via flow cytometry. Lung wet/dry ratio and plasma creatinine were measured to assess lung edema and renal injury, respectively. Platelet activation doubled in CLP rats versus Sham rats. Activated platelets increased from 3.8±1.7% of the gated population in Sham animals (n=5) to 9.2±1.9% of the gated population in CLP animals (n=5; p=0.07). Lung wet/dry ratio significantly increased from 3.9±0.2 in Sham (n=8) to 6.7±1 in CLP rats (n=8; p<0.05). Furthermore, plasma creatinine increased by 33% from 0.55±0.3 mg/dL in Sham animals (n=6) to 0.73±0.06 mg/dL in CLP rats (n=8; p<0.05), indicating a decrease in renal function. These data demonstrate, for the first time, an increase in platelet activation in response to CLP, and identifies an association of activated platelets with pulmonary edema and reduced renal function in the cecal ligation and puncture rat model of abdominal polymicrobial sepsis. Future studies will investigate the underlying mechanisms by which activated platelets contribute to multi-organ dysfunction and injury in sepsis.

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It Does Matter If You Win or Lose, and How You Play the (Video) Game

Games and Culture ◽

10.1177/1555412020913760 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 155541202091376

Author(s):

Vanessa Hemovich

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Video Game ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Helping Behavior ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Primary Outcome Variable ◽

Primary Determinant ◽

Pro Social Behavior ◽

Screen Condition

Most violent video game (VVG) research focuses on aggressive behaviors as the primary outcome variable of interest. Using pro-social behavior as the dependent variable, this study explores factors beyond VVG content as a contributing factor to player outcomes. Participants were randomly assigned to play VVG or non-VVG content with viewing screens obstructed by large pieces of paper to increase difficulty, or unobstructed. Screen condition accounted for 34.5% of the variance in pro-social behavior of helping to retrieve spilled pens. Players in obstructed viewing conditions experienced more in-game losses and engaged in significantly less helping behavior. Fewer pens were retrieved by participants in obstructed viewing conditions while playing either a VVG or non-VVG. The present study cautions against generalized assumptions that VVG content is a primary determinant of behavior and underscores the role of important contextual factors like failure and achievement loss to consider in future studies of this nature.

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Peak expiratory flow rate in children aged 6 to 14 years

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20212778 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Gunasekaran

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Reference Value ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Age Group ◽

College Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Primary Outcome Variable ◽

Medical College ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Background: The objective of this study was to record the PEFR values in children aged between 6 to 14 years.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 1205 children aged 6 to 14 years in department of paediatrics at a medical college hospital. In a pre-structured questionnaire, the age, sex and PEFR values were recorded. PEFR was considered as primary outcome variable. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.Results: Total of 1205 children, 51% were boys and 49% were girls. Ninety children of age 6 years ranged between 60 to 200 with 111.1±29.4 and 7 years ranging from 70 to 210 with 136.3±30.5. One hundred and five of age 8 years had 156.9±33.3 ranging from 90 to 230 and 126 of age 10 years with 195.7±38.8 ranging from 110 to 290. Mean PEFR for boys increased with their age and was greater than girls.Conclusions: The overall mean PEFR values for the age group 6 to 14 years was 225±90.07 l/min. Boys have higher PEFR value than girls of the same age group. Hence, PEFR values in this study can be used clinically as reference value for children aged 6 to 14 years.

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Bronchodilator Response to Salbutamol Delivered by Metered Dose Inhaler with Spacer and Dry Powder Inhaler in Acute Asthma In Children: A Comparative Study

Bangladesh Journal of Child Health ◽

10.3329/bjch.v38i2.21138 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Md Saifuddin Khaled ◽

Firoza Akter ◽

Khadija Rahman ◽

Mohammad Shahid Ullah ◽

Md Hamidur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Acute Asthma ◽

Dry Powder Inhaler ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Dose Inhaler ◽

Primary Outcome Variable ◽

Bronchodilator Response ◽

Before And After ◽

Metered Dose

Background: Salbutamol inhalation is the mainstay of treatment for acute exacerbation of asthma. A number of delivery systems for asthma medication have been developed for children, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. This study was done to compare the bronchodilator effect of salbutamol inhalation delivered through metered dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer and dry powder inhaler (DPI) in children presenting with mild and moderate acute asthma. Methodology: Children of 6 to 15 years of age with mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma were assessed primarily and randomly distributed into two groups having equal number of patients and received 400micro-gram of salbutamol delivered by either MDI with spacer or DPI device. The primary outcome variable was peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and secondary outcome variables were percent predicted PEFR, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, wheezing and accessory muscle scores. Changes in primary and secondary outcome variables, before and after drug intervention were recorded and subjected to statistical tests for significance. Separate analyses were done for mild and moderate asthma patients. Results: The changes in primary outcome variable (PEFR) in both groups before and after intervention was 179.19 ± 33.27 vs. 197.52 ± 57.01 liters/min and 184.81 ± 59.65 vs. 202.83 ± 64.76 liters/min respectively, which was statistically highly significant (P= 0.001). Similar significant changes were also observed in case of secondary outcome variables. Conclusion: Bronchodilator response to salbutamol in mild or moderate acute asthma in children is similar when equal amount of drug is delivered either through an MDI with spacer or a DPI DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v38i2.21138 Bangladesh J Child Health 2014; VOL 38 (2) : 62-67

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Using the Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model of Sepsis to Induce Rats to Multiple Organ Dysfunction

BIO-PROTOCOL ◽

10.21769/bioprotoc.3979 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Jose Capcha ◽

Roberto Moreira ◽

Camila Rodrigues ◽

Marcelo Silveira ◽

Lucia Andrade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organ Dysfunction ◽

Cecal Ligation ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽

Multiple Organ Dysfunction ◽

Puncture Model

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5-HT Drives Mortality in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Mice

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2017/6374283 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jingyao Zhang ◽

Jianbin Bi ◽

Sushun Liu ◽

Qing Pang ◽

Ruiyao Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Organ Dysfunction ◽

Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽

Cecal Ligation ◽

Clinical Score ◽

The Body ◽

Sepsis Group ◽

Cecal Ligation And Puncture ◽

Lower Survival Rate ◽

Sepsis And Septic Shock

Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection with a high mortality. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important regulatory factor in inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of 5-HT on cecal ligation and puncture- (CLP-) induced sepsis in the mouse model. CLP was performed on C57B/6 wild-type (WT) mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) knockout (KO) mice. The results showed that the 5-HT-sufficient group mice had a significantly lower survival rate than the 5-HT-deficient group in CLP-induced sepsis and septic shock. The KO-CLP sepsis group received a lower clinical score than the WT-CLP sepsis group. Meanwhile, the body temperature of mice in the KO-CLP sepsis group was higher than that in the WT-CLP sepsis group and was much closer to the normal body temperature 24 hours after CLP. The tissue histopathology analysis revealed that 5-HT markedly exacerbated histological damages in the peritoneum, lung, liver, kidney, intestinal tissue, and heart in sepsis. Moreover, significant lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, bacterial loads, MPO, and ROS were discovered in the KO-CLP sepsis group in contrast to the WT-CLP sepsis group. In conclusion, 5-HT drives mortality and exacerbates organ dysfunction by promoting serum cytokines and bacterial loads as well as facilitating oxidative stress in the process of sepsis.

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BRONCHIOLITIS;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.01.471 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 20 (01) ◽

pp. 089-094

Author(s):

SHAKIL AHMAD ◽

SADIDA AAMIR ◽

KHURRAM NAWAZ

Keyword(s):

Primary Outcome ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

University Hospital ◽

Outpatient Department ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Interventional Study ◽

Primary Outcome Variable ◽

Normal Feeding ◽

Independent University

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of oral salbutamol administration for symptomatic relief in children less than twoyears of age with acute mild bronchiolitis. Study Design: Interventional study. Place and duration of study: Outpatient department ofDepartment of Pediatrics, independent university hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan, from October 2010 to March 2011. Methodology: 160children less than two years of age diagnosed clinically as acute mild bronchiolitis with comparable baseline parameters (age, weight,duration of present illness) were included in the study. They were randomly placed in two groups, Salbutamol Group (SG) (n=80)Placebo Group (PG) (n=80) and were followed daily for first 3 days, then on day 5 and day 7 in outpatient department. Oral salbutamolwas administered (0.1 mg/kg/dose) three times daily for 7 days or till complete resolution of illness, whichever came earlier. Time forresolution of illness (ROI) was primary outcome variable whereas time for resolution of cough, coryza, breathlessness, wheeze,achievement of normal feeding and sleep patterns and salbutamol adverse effects were secondary outcome variables. Results: Meanduration of resolution of illness (ROI) was similar in both groups. (6.1±0.75) days in the salbutamol group and (6.0±0.80) days inplacebo group (p=0.53). There was no significant resolution time difference of secondary outcome variables between the two studygroups. Cough (SG 4.1"0.70, PG 4.1"0.68, P=0.68) Coryza (SG 4.3"0.59, PG 4.2"0.62, P=0.14) Wheeze and Breathlessness (SG3.8"0.60, PG 3.8"0.63, p=0.24) Sleep (SG 4.5"0.40, PG 4.4"0.55, p=0.19) Feeding (SG 4.3"0.59, PG 4.2"0.62, P= 0.14). Salbutamoladverse effects (tremors, irritability) were observed in 13 (16.25%) children in salbutamol group. Conclusions: Oral salbutamoladministration is not superior to placebo in providing symptomatic relief in children with acute mild bronchiolitis.

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