scholarly journals Loss of developmental diapause as prerequisite for social evolution in bees

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 20190398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Karla Ferreira Santos ◽  
Maria Cristina Arias ◽  
Karen M. Kapheim
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Evolution Of Sociality ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
And Shifts

Diapause is a physiological arrest of development ahead of adverse environmental conditions and is a critical phase of the life cycle of many insects. In bees, diapause has been reported in species from all seven taxonomic families. However, they exhibit a variety of diapause strategies. These different strategies are of particular interest since shifts in the phase of the insect life cycle in which diapause occurs have been hypothesized to promote the evolution of sociality. Here we provide a comprehensive evaluation of this hypothesis with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) of the ecological and evolutionary factors associated with diapause phase. We find that social lifestyle, latitude and voltinism are significant predictors of the life stage in which diapause occurs. ASR revealed that the most recent common ancestor of all bees likely exhibited developmental diapause and shifts to adult, reproductive, or no diapause have occurred in the ancestors of lineages in which social behaviour has evolved. These results provide fresh insight regarding the role of diapause as a prerequisite for the evolution of sociality in bees.

scholarly journals Loss of developmental diapause as a prerequisite for social evolution in bees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Karla Ferreira Santos ◽  
Maria Cristina Arias ◽  
Karen M. Kapheim
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Ancestral State Reconstruction ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
State Reconstruction ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Evolution Of Sociality

AbstractDiapause is a physiological arrest of development ahead of adverse environmental conditions and is a critical phase of the life cycle of many insects. In bees, diapause has been reported in species from all seven taxonomic families. However, they exhibit a variety of diapause strategies. These different strategies are of particular interest since shifts in the phase of the insect life cycle in which diapause occurs has been hypothesized to promote the evolution of sociality. Here we provide a comprehensive evaluation of this hypothesis with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction of the ecological and evolutionary factors associated with diapause phase. We find that social lifestyle, latitude, and voltinism are significant predictors of the life stage in which diapause occurs. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed that the most recent common ancestor of all bees likely exhibited developmental diapause and shifts to adult or reproductive diapause have occurred in the ancestors of lineages in which social behavior has evolved. These results provide fresh insight regarding the role of diapause as a prerequisite for the evolution of sociality in bees.

scholarly journals The evolutionary history of Stomatopoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca) inferred from molecular data

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Van Der Wal ◽  
Shane T. Ahyong ◽  
Simon Y.W. Ho ◽  
Nathan Lo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Age Constraints

The crustacean order Stomatopoda comprises seven superfamilies of mantis shrimps, found in coastal waters of the tropics and subtropics. These marine carnivores bear notable raptorial appendages for smashing or spearing prey. We investigated the evolutionary relationships among stomatopods using phylogenetic analyses of three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. Our analyses recovered the superfamily Gonodactyloidea as polyphyletic, withHemisquillaas the sister group to all other extant stomatopods. A relaxed molecular clock, calibrated by seven fossil-based age constraints, was used to date the origin and major diversification events of stomatopods. Our estimates suggest that crown-group stomatopods (Unipeltata) diverged from their closest crustacean relatives about 340 Ma (95% CRI [401–313 Ma]). We found that the specialized smashing appendage arose after the spearing appendage ∼126 Ma (95% CRI [174–87 Ma]). Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of extant stomatopods had eyes with six midband rows of hexagonal ommatidia. Hexagonal ommatidia are interpreted as plesiomorphic in stomatopods, and this is consistent with the malacostracan ground-plan. Our study provides insight into the evolutionary timescale and systematics of Stomatopoda, although further work is required to resolve with confidence the phylogenetic relationships among its superfamilies.

scholarly journals Thermotoga lettingae Can Salvage Cobinamide To Synthesize Vitamin B12

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (22) ◽  
pp. 7006-7012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Butzin ◽  
Michael A. Secinaro ◽  
Kristen S. Swithers ◽  
J. Peter Gogarten ◽  
Kenneth M. Noll
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Salvage Pathway ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor

ABSTRACTWe recently reported that theThermotogalesacquired the ability to synthesize vitamin B12by acquisition of genes from two distantly related lineages,ArchaeaandFirmicutes(K. S. Swithers et al., Genome Biol. Evol. 4:730–739, 2012). Ancestral state reconstruction suggested that the cobinamide salvage gene cluster was present in theThermotogales' most recent common ancestor. We also predicted thatThermotoga lettingaecould not synthesize B12de novobut could use the cobinamide salvage pathway to synthesize B12. In this study, these hypotheses were tested, and we found thatTt. lettingaedid not synthesize B12de novobut salvaged cobinamide. The growth rate ofTt. lettingaeincreased with the addition of B12or cobinamide to its medium. It synthesized B12when the medium was supplemented with cobinamide, and no B12was detected in cells grown on cobinamide-deficient medium. Upstream of the cobinamide salvage genes is a putative B12riboswitch. In other organisms, B12riboswitches allow for higher transcriptional activity in the absence of B12. WhenTt. lettingaewas grown with no B12, the salvage genes were upregulated compared to cells grown with B12or cobinamide. Another gene cluster with a putative B12riboswitch upstream is thebtuFCDABC transporter, and it showed a transcription pattern similar to that of the cobinamide salvage genes. The BtuF proteins from species that can and cannot salvage cobinamides were shownin vitroto bind both B12and cobinamide. These results suggest thatThermotogalesspecies can use the BtuFCD transporter to import both B12and cobinamide, even if they cannot salvage cobinamide.

scholarly journals The evolution of multi-component visual signals in darters (genus Etheostoma)

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Gumm ◽  
Tamra C. Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Body Regions

Abstract As complex traits evolve, each component of the trait may be under different selection pressures and could respond independently to distinct evolutionary forces. We used comparative methods to examine patterns of evolution in multiple components of a complex courtship signal in darters, specifically addressing the question of how nuptial coloration evolves across different areas of the body. Using spectral reflectance, we defined 4 broad color classes present on the body and fins of 17 species of freshwater fishes (genus Etheostoma) and quantified differences in hue within each color class. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that most color traits were expressed in the most recent common ancestor of sampled species and that differences among species are mostly due to losses in coloration. The evolutionary lability of coloration varied across body regions; we found significant phylogenetic signal for orange color on the body but not for most colors on fins. Finally, patterns of color evolution and hue of the colors were correlated among the two dorsal fins and between the anterior dorsal and anal fins, but not between any of the fins and the body. The observed patterns support the hypothesis that different components of complex signals may be subject to distinct evolutionary pressures, and suggests that the combination of behavioral displays and morphology in communication may have a strong influence on patterns of signal evolution.

scholarly journals Recombination and lineage-specific mutations led to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ángel Patiño-Galindo ◽  
Ioan Filip ◽  
Mohammed AlQuraishi ◽  
Raul Rabadan
Keyword(s):  
Recombination Event ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Recent Outbreak

AbstractThe recent outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, underscores the need for understanding the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence and adaptation of zoonotic viruses in humans. Here, we show that recombination in betacoronaviruses, including human-infecting viruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, frequently encompasses the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in the Spike gene. We find that this common process likely led to a recombination event at least 11 years ago in an ancestor of the SARS-CoV-2 involving the RBD. As a result of this recombination event, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share a similar genotype in RBD, including two insertions (positions 432-436 and 460-472), and alleles 427N and 436Y. Both 427N and 436Y belong to a helix that interacts with the human ACE2 receptor. Ancestral state analyses revealed that SARS-CoV-2 differentiated from its most recent common ancestor with RaTG13 by accumulating a significant number of amino acid changes in the RBD. In sum, we propose a two-hit scenario in the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus whereby the SARS-CoV-2 ancestors in bats first acquired genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV by incorporation of a SARS-like RBD through recombination before 2009, and subsequently, the lineage that led to SARS-CoV-2 accumulated further, unique changes specifically in the RBD.

The relationship between generation gland morphology and armour in Dragon Lizards (Smaug): a reassessment of ancestral states for the Cordylidae

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
le Fras Mouton ◽  
Alexander Flemming ◽  
Michael Bates ◽  
Chris Broeckhoven
Keyword(s):  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Long Tail ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Spine Length ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Body Armour ◽  
Ancestral States ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract To substantiate the claim of a relationship between generation gland morphology and degree of body armour in cordylid lizards, we studied the nine species in the genus Smaug. We predicted that well armoured species in this clade will have multi-layer generation glands, and lightly armoured species two-layer glands. Gland type was determined using standard histological techniques after sectioning a glandular patch of one adult male per species. A total of 133 specimens were examined for data on tail and occipital spine lengths (which were used as indicators of armour). We found that species with multi-layer generation glands (S. giganteus, S. breyeri, and S. vandami) have relatively long tail and occipital spines, while species with two-layer glands (S. mossambicus, S. regius, S. barbertonensis, S. warreni, and an undescribed species) have relatively short spines. Smaug depressus possesses both multi-layer and two-layer glands, and this variation was linked to regional variation in spine length. An ancestral state reconstruction for the Cordylidae showed that the two-layer state always results from the reduction of layers from a multi-layer precursor, and that reduction always culminates in two-layer glands and not in one-layer glands. This finding suggests that the one-layer state in the Ninurta-Chamaesaura-Pseudocordylus clade is most probably plesiomorphic, and therefore the ancestral state at the Cordylidae and Cordylinae nodes. Given the observed relationship between type of generation gland and body armour, this finding would suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the Cordylidae was lightly armoured.

scholarly journals Ancestral Reconstruction and C3 Bundle Sheath Transcript Abundance in the Paniceae Grasses Indicate the Foundations for all Three Biochemical C4 Sub-Types Were Likely Present in the Most Recent Ancestor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob D. Washburn ◽  
Satya S. Kothapalli ◽  
Julia M. Brose ◽  
Sarah Covshoff ◽  
Julian M. Hibberd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Machinery ◽  
Sheath Cells

ABSTRACTIn C4 plants the enzymatic machinery underpinning photosynthesis can vary, with for example, three distinct C4 acid decarboxylases being used to release CO2 in the vicinity of RuBisCO. For decades, these decarboxylases have been used to classify C4 species into three biochemical sub-types. However, more recently the notion that C4 species mix and match C4 acid decarboxylases has increased in popularity and, as a consequence, the validity of specific biochemical sub-types has been questioned. Using species from the grass tribe Paniceae we show that whilst transcripts encoding multiple C4 acid decarboxylases accumulate in bundle sheath cells in some species, in others, transcripts encoding only one enzyme are detected. In addition, a method that allows isolation of bundle sheath cells from a C3 species within the Paniceae, Sacciolepis indica, was developed. Deep sequencing of bundle sheath preparations from all four species combined with ancestral state reconstruction support the notion that the three biochemical C4 sub-types found in the Paniceae existed together in their most recent common ancestor. Thus, these species likely inherited the functional building blocks of all three C4 pathways. We conclude that classification of C4 plants into the classical biochemical sub-types is still appropriate for some species, and that evolution of this trait has been facilitated by characteristics of the ancestral C3 bundle sheath and made use of multiple convergent routes involving either one or multiple C4 acid decarboxylases.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Neutral Polymorphisms in the Last ZFX Intron: Analysis of the Haplotype Structure and Genealogy

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Jaruzelska ◽  
Ewa Zietkiewicz ◽  
Mark Batzer ◽  
David E C Cole ◽  
Jean-Paul Moisan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
The Common

Abstract With 10 segregating sites (simple nucleotide polymorphisms) in the last intron (1089 bp) of the ZFX gene we have observed 11 haplotypes in 336 chromosomes representing a worldwide array of 15 human populations. Two haplotypes representing 77% of all chromosomes were distributed almost evenly among four continents. Five of the remaining haplotypes were detected in Africa and 4 others were restricted to Eurasia and the Americas. Using the information about the ancestral state of the segregating positions (inferred from human-great ape comparisons), we applied coalescent analysis to estimate the age of the polymorphisms and the resulting haplotypes. The oldest haplotype, with the ancestral alleles at all the sites, was observed at low frequency only in two groups of African origin. Its estimated age of 740 to 1100 kyr corresponded to the time to the most recent common ancestor. The two most frequent worldwide distributed haplotypes were estimated at 550 to 840 and 260 to 400 kyr, respectively, while the age of the continentally restricted polymorphisms was 120 to 180 kyr and smaller. Comparison of spatial and temporal distribution of the ZFX haplotypes suggests that modern humans diverged from the common ancestral stock in the Middle Paleolithic era. Subsequent range expansion prevented substantial gene flow among continents, separating African groups from populations that colonized Eurasia and the New World.

scholarly journals The initiation of metamorphosis as an ancient polyphenic trait and its role in metazoan life-cycle evolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1540) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandie M. Degnan ◽  
Bernard M. Degnan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Juvenile Form ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Settlement And Metamorphosis ◽  
Life Cycle Evolution

Comparative genomics of representative basal metazoans leaves little doubt that the most recent common ancestor to all modern metazoans was morphogenetically complex. Here, we support this interpretation by demonstrating that the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica has a biphasic pelagobenthic life cycle resembling that present in a wide range of bilaterians and anthozoan cnidarians. The A. queenslandica life cycle includes a compulsory planktonic larval phase that can end only once the larva develops competence to respond to benthic signals that induce settlement and metamorphosis. The temporal onset of competence varies between individuals as revealed by idiosyncratic responses to inductive cues. Thus, the biphasic life cycle with a dispersing larval phase of variable length appears to be a metazoan synapomorphy and may be viewed as an ancestral polyphenic trait. Larvae of a particular age that are subjected to an inductive cue either maintain the larval form or metamorphose into the post-larval/juvenile form. Variance in the development of competence dictates that only a subset of a larval cohort will settle and undergo metamorphosis at a given time, which in turn leads to variation in dispersal distance and in location of settlement. Population divergence and allopatric speciation are likely outcomes of this conserved developmental polyphenic trait.

scholarly journals Evolution and biogeography of the Zanclea-Scleractinia symbiosis

Coral Reefs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Maggioni ◽  
Roberto Arrigoni ◽  
Davide Seveso ◽  
Paolo Galli ◽  
Michael L. Berumen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Related Diversification ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Specialist Species

Abstract Scleractinian corals provide habitats for a broad variety of cryptofauna, which in turn may contribute to the overall functioning of coral symbiomes. Among these invertebrates, hydrozoans belonging to the genus Zanclea represent an increasingly known and ecologically important group of coral symbionts. In this study, we analysed 321 Zanclea colonies associated with 31 coral genera collected from 11 localities across the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean regions, and used a multi-disciplinary approach to shed light on the evolution and biogeography of the group. Overall, we found high genetic diversity of hydrozoans that spans nine clades corresponding to cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. All but two clades are associated with one or two coral genera belonging to the Complex clade, whereas the remaining ones are generalists associated with both Complex and Robust corals. Despite the observed specificity patterns, no congruence between Zanclea and coral phylogenies was observed, suggesting a lack of coevolutionary events. Most Zanclea clades have a wide distribution across the Indo-Pacific, including a generalist group extending also into the Caribbean, while two host-specific clades are possibly found exclusively in the Red Sea, confirming the importance of this peripheral region as an endemicity hotspot. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all extant coral-associated Zanclea was a specialist species with a perisarc, occurring in what is now known as the Indo-Pacific. Ultimately, a mixture of geography- and host-related diversification processes is likely responsible for the observed enigmatic phylogenetic structure of coral-associated Zanclea.

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