Genetic convergence of industrial melanism in three geometrid moths

The rise of dark (melanic) forms of many species of moth in heavily coal-polluted areas of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, and their post-1970s fall, point to a common selective pressure (camouflage against bird predators) acting at the community level. The extent to which this convergent phenotypic response relied on similar genetic and developmental mechanisms is unknown. We examine this problem by testing the hypothesis that the locus controlling melanism in Phigalia pilosaria and Odontopera bidentata , two species of geometrid moth that showed strong associations between melanism and coal pollution, is the same as that controlling melanism in Biston betularia , previously identified as the gene cortex . Comparative linkage mapping using family material supports the hypothesis for both species, indicating a deeply conserved developmental mechanism for melanism involving cortex . However, in contrast to the strong selective sweep signature seen in British B. betularia , no significant association was detected between cortex -region markers and melanic morphs in wild-caught samples of P. pilosaria and O. bidentata , implying much older, or diverse, origins of melanic morph alleles in these latter species.

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Detecting past and ongoing natural selection among ethnically Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal

10.1101/223081 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Choongwon Jeong ◽

David B. Witonsky ◽

Buddha Basnyat ◽

Maniraj Neupane ◽

Cynthia M. Beall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Negative Selection ◽

Selective Sweep ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Strong Association ◽

Selective Sweeps ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Polygenic Adaptation ◽

Selection For ◽

Offspring Mortality

AbstractAdaptive evolution in humans has rarely been characterized for its whole set of components, i.e. selective pressure, adaptive phenotype, beneficial alleles and realized fitness differential. We combined approaches for detecting selective sweeps and polygenic adaptations and for mapping the genetic bases of physiological and fertility phenotypes in approximately 1000 indigenous ethnically Tibetan women from Nepal, adapted to high altitude. We performed genome-wide association analysis and tests for polygenic adaptations which showed evidence of positive selection for alleles associated with more pregnancies and live births and evidence of negative selection for those associated with higher offspring mortality. Lower hemoglobin level did not show clear evidence for polygenic adaptation, despite its strong association with an EPAS1 haplotype carrying selective sweep signals.

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Pattern of fin rays along the antero-posterior axis based on their connection to distal radials

Zoological Letters ◽

10.1186/s40851-019-0145-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroki Hamada ◽

Toshiaki Uemoto ◽

Yoshitaka Tanaka ◽

Yuki Honda ◽

Keiichi Kitajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Limb Development ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Specific Pattern ◽

Pectoral Fin ◽

Developmental Mechanism ◽

Developmental Mechanisms ◽

Middle Domain ◽

Fin Ray ◽

Fin Rays ◽

Pectoral Fin Rays

Abstract Background Teleost paired fins are composed of two endoskeletal domains, proximal and distal radials, and an exoskeletal domain, the fin ray. The zebrafish pectoral fin displays elaborately patterned radials along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. Radials are considered homologous to tetrapod limb skeletons, and their patterning mechanisms in embryonic development are similar to those of limb development. Nevertheless, the pattern along the AP axis in fin rays has not been well described in the zebrafish pectoral fin, although several recent reports have revealed that fin ray development shares some cellular and genetic properties with fin/limb endoskeleton development. Thus, fin ray morphogenesis may involve developmental mechanisms for AP patterning in the fin/limb endoskeleton, and may have a specific pattern along the AP axis. Results We conducted detailed morphological observations on fin rays and their connection to distal radials by comparing intra- and inter-strain zebrafish specimens. Although the number of fin rays varied, pectoral fin rays could be categorized into three domains along the AP axis, according to the connection between the fin rays and distal radials; additionally, the number of fin rays varied in the posterior part of the three domains. This result was confirmed by observation of the morphogenesis process of fin rays and distal radials, which showed altered localization of distal radials in the middle domain. We also evaluated the expression pattern of lhx genes, which have AP patterning activity in limb development, in fin rays and during distal radial development and found these genes to be expressed during morphogenesis in both fin rays and distal radials. Conclusion The fin ray and its connection to the endoskeleton are patterned along the AP axis, and the pattern along the AP axis in the fin ray and the radial connection is constructed by the developmental mechanism related to AP patterning in the limb/fin bud. Our results indicate the possibility that the developmental mechanisms of fin rays and their connection are comparable to those of the distal element of the limb skeleton.

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The Three Waves of Spiritual Renewal of the Pentecostal-Charismatic Movement

Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu ◽

10.1515/ress-2015-0003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 20-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emil Bartoș

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Spiritual Gifts ◽

Community Level ◽

Spiritual Renewal ◽

Charismatic Movement ◽

Early Twentieth Century

Abstract The study focuses on the historical dogmatical analysis of the three waves of spiritual renewal which started in the early twentieth century and affected most Christian denominations by focusing on the manifestation of the spiritual gifts. The author will identify the major historical dogmatical influences of the Pentecostal-Charismatic movement, the characteristics and the leaders of the movement, as well as the directions of development on the personal and on the community level.

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The Elusive “Developmental Mechanism”: What they are and how to study and test them

10.31234/osf.io/pwxma ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Deon T. Benton

Keyword(s):

Developmental Change ◽

Clear Definition ◽

Developmental Mechanism ◽

Developmental Mechanisms ◽

Definition Of

Few issues have garnered as much attention as that of understanding mechanisms of developmental change. Understanding mechanisms of developmental change is important because it allows researchers to go beyond studying at what age an ability emerges to understanding the processes by which those abilities develop in the first place. Despite the clear importance of mechanisms, the notion of a developmental mechanism or mechanism of developmental change remains largely undefined and there exists no clear guidance on how to study these mechanisms systematically in the developmental literature. Given these outstanding questions, this paper has two main aims. The first aim was to provide a clear definition of mechanisms of developmental change that aligns most closely with how most, if not all, developmental psychologists think about developmental mechanisms. The second goal was to provide concrete suggestions for how developmental scientists might study and test different kinds of mechanisms of developmental change based on their perceived manipulability. One of the main arguments of the paper is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to studying and testing mechanisms of developmental change and that how developmental researchers study them depends crucially on their perceived manipulability.

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Evolving Networks of Human Intelligence

10.31234/osf.io/shq87 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Olof Savi ◽

Maarten Marsman ◽

Han van der Maas

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Human Intelligence ◽

Theory Formation ◽

Cognitive Dynamics ◽

Evolving Networks ◽

Psychological Science ◽

Dynamic Mechanisms ◽

Developmental Mechanisms ◽

Current Century

Twentieth century theory formation in human intelligence was dominated by factor theories; network theories will dominate the twenty first. Network theories answer a broad call for formal theories in psychological science, provide a strong approach to an idiographic science, and create an opportunity to study the developmental mechanisms of human's cognitive dynamics. Although the current century already delivered two formal stationary network theories of human intelligence—mutualism and wired intelligence—integrating dynamic mechanisms remains a serious challenge. This challenge translates into clear priorities: the identification of robust developmental phenomena, the study of the mechanisms that drive these phenomena, the integration of these mechanisms into network theories of growth, the integration of network theories from different explanatory levels, and the empirical characterization of the structure of network theories.

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Capitalist Development in the Twentieth Century: An Evolutionary-Keynesian Analysis. By John Cornwall and Wendy Cornwall. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. 269. $59.95.

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050703542462 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 927-928

Author(s):

GEOFFREY M. HODGSON

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Capitalist Development ◽

Cambridge University

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Some Polish Composers of To-Day

Tempo ◽

10.1017/s0040298200053596 ◽

1948 ◽

pp. 25-28

Author(s):

Andrzej Panufnik

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Fertile Soil ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Progressive Group ◽

Karol Szymanowski

It is ten years since KAROL SZYMANOWSKI died at fifty-four. He was the most prominent representative of the “radical progressive” group of early twentieth century composers, which we call “Young Poland.” In their manysided and pioneering efforts they prepared the fertile soil on which Poland's present day's music thrives.

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