scholarly journals Evolving Networks of Human Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Olof Savi ◽  
Maarten Marsman ◽  
Han van der Maas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Theory Formation ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Evolving Networks ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Dynamic Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Current Century

Twentieth century theory formation in human intelligence was dominated by factor theories; network theories will dominate the twenty first. Network theories answer a broad call for formal theories in psychological science, provide a strong approach to an idiographic science, and create an opportunity to study the developmental mechanisms of human's cognitive dynamics. Although the current century already delivered two formal stationary network theories of human intelligence—mutualism and wired intelligence—integrating dynamic mechanisms remains a serious challenge. This challenge translates into clear priorities: the identification of robust developmental phenomena, the study of the mechanisms that drive these phenomena, the integration of these mechanisms into network theories of growth, the integration of network theories from different explanatory levels, and the empirical characterization of the structure of network theories.

scholarly journals Edgar Wind on Experiment and Metaphysics

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Falkenburg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Philosophy Of Physics ◽  
Metaphysical Realism ◽  
American Pragmatism ◽  
Theory Formation ◽  
Internal Realism ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Holistic Theory ◽  
Central Claim

Abstract The paper presents a detailed interpretation of Edgar Wind’s Experiment and Metaphysics (1934), a unique work on the philosophy of physics which broke with the Neo-Kantian tradition under the influence of American pragmatism. Taking up Cassirer’s interpretation of physics, Wind develops a holistic theory of the experiment and a constructivist account of empirical facts. Based on the concept of embodiment which plays a key role in Wind’s later writings on art history, he argues, however, that the outcomes of measurements are contingent. He then proposes an anti-Kantian conception of a metaphysics of nature. For him, nature is an unknown totality which manifests itself in discrepancies between theories and experiment, and hence the theory formation of physics can increasingly approximate the structure of nature. It is shown that this view is ambiguous between a transcendental, metaphysical realism in Kant’s sense and an internal realism in Putnam’s sense. Wind’s central claim is that twentieth century physics offers new options for resolving Kant’s cosmological antinomies. In particular, he connected quantum indeterminism with the possibility of human freedom, a connection that Cassirer sharply opposed.

scholarly journals Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the Guillotine, and Modern Ontological Anxiety

Text Matters ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Lacefield
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
Materialist Theory ◽  
The French Revolution

This essay begins by examining the rhetorical significance of the guillotine, an important symbol during the Romantic Period. Lacefield argues that the guillotine symbolized a range of modern ontological juxtapositions and antinomies during the period. Moreover, she argues that the guillotine influenced Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein through Giovanni Aldini, a scientist who experimented on guillotined corpses during the French Revolution and inspired Shelley’s characterization of Victor Frankenstein. Given the importance of the guillotine as a powerful metaphor for anxieties emergent during this period, Lacefield employs it as a clue signaling a labyrinth of modern meanings embedded in Shelley’s novel, as well as the films they anticipated. In particular, Lacefield analyzes the significance of the guillotine slice itself—the uneasy, indeterminate line that simultaneously separates and joins categories such as life/death, mind/body, spirit/matter, and nature/technology. Lacefield’s interdisciplinary analysis analyzes motifs of decapitation/dismemberment in Frankenstein and then moves into a discussion of the novel’s exploration of the ontological categories specified above. For example, Frankenstein’s Creature, as a kind of cyborg, exists on the contested theoretical “slice” within a number of antinomies: nature/tech, human/inhuman (alive/dead), matter/spirit, etc. These are interesting juxtapositions that point to tensions within each set of categories, and Lacefield discusses the relevance of such dichotomies for questions of modernity posed by materialist theory and technological innovation. Additionally, she incorporates a discussion of films that fuse Shelley’s themes with appeals to twentieth-century and post-millennium audiences.

Misrepresentation of Orientals in Dave Eggers’s A Hologram for The King

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Samal Marf Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Real Image ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Real ◽  
Postcolonial Discourse ◽  
Economic Motives ◽  
At Home

      This study deals with the colonial perspectives in Dave Eggers’s A Hologram for The King (2012), according to the postcolonial approach. Although colonialism era is over by now, colonial perspectives remain strong in some literary works. Since its advent in the second half of the twentieth century, postcolonial theory confronts colonial attitudes and experiences as colonialism has been justified in many works of Western writers and scholars who have distorted the real image of non-Europeans and non-Westerners via different means and techniques in masquerade of orientalism. Postcolonial discourse opposes the misrepresentation of non-Europeans and argues that such falsification is driven by political, social, religious and economic motives. In the current study, the researcher aims at explaining the notions of colonialism, otherization and other falsified images of non-Westerners in A Hologram for the King. This paper mainly questions Eggers’s portrayal of the protagonist, Alan Clay, who after bankruptcy and failure at home, flies to Saudi Arabia and capitalizes on the physical and moral assets of the Orientals in this country to convert his story of failure to a success. The characterization of the oriental world and its setting show Eggers’s being biased against the Eastern world and ironically mirror clear hints of colonialism and eurocentrism.

Between Scylla and Charybdis

Black Boxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 23-48
Author(s):  
Marco J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
Levels Of Explanation ◽  
Point Of Departure

This chapter outlines the development of the reductionism vs. antireductionism debate, which has set the stage for philosophical analyses of science since the early decades of the twentieth century. The point of departure is the rise and fall of the classical model of reduction, epitomized by the work of Ernest Nagel. Next is the subsequent forging of the “antireductionist consensus” and the “reductionist anti-consensus.” The chapter concludes by arguing how modest reductionism and sophisticated antireductionism substantially overlap, making the dispute more terminological than it is often appreciated. Even more problematically, friends and foes of reductionism share an overly restrictive characterization of the interface between levels of explanation. Thus, it is time for philosophy to move away from these intertwining strands, which fail to capture the productive interplay between knowledge and ignorance in science, and to develop new categories for charting the nature and advancement of science.

Lunatic Forms

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-86
Author(s):  
Natalie Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Commedia Dell'arte ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Character Types

Chapter 1 examines derivation and re-animation in Djuna Barnes’s early-twentieth-century lyric novel, Nightwood, focusing on redeployed aesthetic figures: the sleepwalker, the unstoppable narrator, the animate statue. It shows how Barnes’s resurrection of character types is informed by the genre-fusing innovations of the commedia dell’arte. It reads Barnes in dialogue with both Laforgue’s and Verlaine’s development of the Pierrot-figure, and the sad and ominous clowns in grotesque theatre, which inform Chaplin’s Tramp and Beckett’s clowns, as well as Barnes’s characterization of the ‘doctor’. Does Nightwood cast its characters in stone, locking them into old, ritualized narrative strategies? Or are these types themselves on the move; re-animating generations of performances and forms, from Shakespeare’s bawdy, to Rabelais’s carnivalesque, to Aphra Behn’s moon-philosopher, Doctor Balierdo?

scholarly journals Genetic convergence of industrial melanism in three geometrid moths

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 20190582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjen E. van't Hof ◽  
Louise A. Reynolds ◽  
Carl J. Yung ◽  
Laurence M. Cook ◽  
Ilik J. Saccheri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Linkage Mapping ◽  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Developmental Mechanism ◽  
Phenotypic Response ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Industrial Melanism ◽  
Geometrid Moth

The rise of dark (melanic) forms of many species of moth in heavily coal-polluted areas of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, and their post-1970s fall, point to a common selective pressure (camouflage against bird predators) acting at the community level. The extent to which this convergent phenotypic response relied on similar genetic and developmental mechanisms is unknown. We examine this problem by testing the hypothesis that the locus controlling melanism in Phigalia pilosaria and Odontopera bidentata , two species of geometrid moth that showed strong associations between melanism and coal pollution, is the same as that controlling melanism in Biston betularia , previously identified as the gene cortex . Comparative linkage mapping using family material supports the hypothesis for both species, indicating a deeply conserved developmental mechanism for melanism involving cortex . However, in contrast to the strong selective sweep signature seen in British B. betularia , no significant association was detected between cortex -region markers and melanic morphs in wild-caught samples of P. pilosaria and O. bidentata , implying much older, or diverse, origins of melanic morph alleles in these latter species.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Hydra. II. Isolation and characterization of an interstitial cell-deficient strain

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata

A mutant strain (nf-I) of Hydra magnipapillata was isolated that contained no interstitial cells, nerve cells or nematocytes. This strain appeared spontaneously in a sexually inbred clone of hydra, and it was recognized by its inability to eat. When force-fed, however, it grew, multiplied by budding and regenerated. In this and in many other respects, nf-I was very similar to the interstitial cell-deficient strain produced by Campbell (1976) by means of colchicine. A chimera strain was produced by the reintroduction of interstitial cells from another strain into nf-I. The properties of nf-I, the chimera and other related strains were examined, and the possible roles that the interstitial cells and the nerve cells play in growth and morphogenesis of hydra are discussed.

scholarly journals КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИЙ ВПЛИВ КАМЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ЯК ОДИН З ФАКТОРІВ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ДРАМАТУРГІЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ У КОНЦЕРТНИХ ТВОРАХ ДЛЯ ФОРТЕПІАНО З ОРКЕСТРОМ ХХ СТОРІЧЧЯ

World Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (12(40)) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Решетілов Б. Ю.
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Chamber Orchestra ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Innovation Patterns ◽  
Compositional Properties

The subject of this research is to consider the compositional properties of the chamber tendency in relation to drama in compositions for solo instruments within a chamber orchestra. As twentieth century composers' raised interest in chamber-orchestral concert genres, this caused a number of consequences affecting the formation of dramatic specifics. Some of these include those trends of chamber tendency, which relate to timbre, form, genre, neoclassical manifestations, aesthetics, character directivity, etc. Revision of the semantic component of the chamber orchestra toolkit can appear as a movement towards single-timbre or an emphatic ensemble style. Neoclassical trends through the prism of chamber tendency influence the semantic content of character spheres. Keeping and development of chamber-instrumental music traditions create a special kind of musical material presentation, manifested in the deepening of the sphere of individualization and characterization of a subject. Genre orientation, addressed to the rebirth of the main achievements of past epochs, affects not only the semantic load of character spheres, but also a drama in general. Overall miniaturization as one of tendencies of the twentieth century in the context of the chamber nature leaves its trace in formation of character spheres as a tendency to concentration or continuity. Thus, in general, in the concert genre of the twentieth century the specific innovation patterns are created in the formation of conceptual intonation of character dramaturgy.

scholarly journals Do Literary Studies Have a Present? Five Snapshots of an Institutional Void

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (42) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Institutional Void ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACT The future of literary studies depends on the acknowledgment of its present. After the emergence of post-theoretical times, in the 1990s, the academy faces a discontinuity with the intellectual projects of the twentieth century, which results in an experience of institutional void. The created space allows idiosyncratic practices, without a characterization of a disciplinary profile. In order to think about an institutional continuation of literary studies, it is necessary to recognize this void-like quality that the present times exhibit.

scholarly journals Curriculum, knowledge, and the idea of South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Crain Soudien
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Social Difference ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Curriculum Project

South Africa is an important social space in world history and politics for understanding how the modern world comes to deal with the questions of social difference, and the encounter of people with different civilizational histories. In this essay I argue that a particular racial idea inflected this encounter. One of the ways in which this happened was through the dominance of late nineteenthcentury and early twentieth-century positivism. In setting up the argument for this essay, I begin with a characterization of the nature of early South Africa's modernity, the period in which the country's political and intellectual leadership began to outline the kinds of knowledges they valued. I argue that a scientism, not unlike the positivism that emerges in many parts of the world at this time, came to inform discussions of progress and development in the country at the end of the nineteenth century. This was continued into the early twentieth century, and was evident in important interventions in the country such as the establishment of the higher education system and initiatives like the Carnegie Inquiry of 1933. The key effect of this scientism, based as it was on the conceits of objectivity and neutrality, was to institute suspicion of all other forms of knowing, and most critically that of indigenous knowledge. In the second part of the paper, I show that this scientism persists in the post-apartheid curriculum project. Finally, I make an exploratory argument, drawing on the concept of the 'transaction' in John Dewey, for a new approach to knowing.

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