Percy Faraday Frankland, 1858-1946

1948 ◽  
Vol 5 (16) ◽  
pp. 697-715 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
The North ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
Purification Of Water

Percy Faraday Frankland was born in London on 3 October 1858. He was the second son of Sir Edward Frankland, whose contributions to chemical thought in the nineteenth century and whose researches on the purification of water, have established his reputation as one of the most outstanding scientists of the period. Edward Frankland, who was resident in London, succeeded Hofmann as Professor of Chemistry at the Royal School of Mines in 1865, and his son thus had the opportunity of becoming acquainted with many of the famous scientific personalities of the day, including, when he was very young, Faraday, who was his godfather. When a boy he was taken by his father to the Scottish Highlands (in 1867 and 1870), as well as to the English Lake District. He also stayed frequently with his grandparents at Leyland in Lancashire. Perhaps in this way he developed a great liking for the North, and more especially for its wilder scenery.

The significance of aesthetic landscape appreciation to modern geotourism provision

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Hose
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
European Engagement ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Nineteeth Century

Many of the stakeholders involved in modern geotourism provision lack awareness of how the concept essentially ermeged, developed and was defined in Europe. Such stakeholders are unaware of how many of the modern approaches to landscape promotion and interpretation actually have nineteeth century antecedents. Similarly, many of the apparently modern threats to, and issues around, the protection of wild and fragile landscapes and geoconservation of specific geosites also first emerged in the ninetheeth century; the solutions that were developed to address those threats and issues were first applied in the early twentieth century and were subsequently much refined by the opening of the twenty-first century. However, the European engagement with wild and fragile landscapes as places to be appreciated and explored began much earlier than the nineteenth century and can be traced back to Renaissance times. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary consideration of this rather neglected aspect of geotourism, initially by considering its modern recognition and definitions and then by examining the English Lake District (with further examples from Britain and Australia available at the website) as a particular case study along with examples.

Walden Pond as Thoreau’s Landscape of Genius

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-250
Author(s):  
Scott Hess
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
Authorial Identity ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
New Form ◽  
Walden Pond

Scott Hess, “Walden Pond as Thoreau’s Landscape of Genius” (pp. 224–250) This essay explores how Henry David Thoreau’s identification with Walden Pond was influenced by the nineteenth-century discourse of the literary landscape and by William Wordsworth’s association with the English Lake District in particular. Wordsworth was a central figure for the transatlantic development of the “landscape of genius”—a new form of literary landscape in which the genius of the author, associated with a specific natural landscape, mediated the spiritual power of nature for individual readers and tourists. Wordsworth’s identification of his authorial identity with the Lake District landscape had a formative influence on both Thoreau’s self-conception and his subsequent reception and canonization, as Thoreau and Walden Pond as his landscape of genius entered the canon together. The essay concludes by exploring the ongoing significance of Thoreau’s association with Walden for both his scholarly and popular reputations, including proliferating discourses of “Thoreau Country”; cultural and political disputes over the Concord and Walden landscapes; and invocations of Thoreau as an ecological hero and inspiration for responses to climate change.

An Acadian mountain front in the English Lake District: the Westmorland Monocline

1993 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Kneller ◽  
A. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Volcanic Group ◽  
The North ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Group A ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic ◽  
Wide Zone

AbstractThe structure of the southern and central English Lake District is that of a southeast-facing monocline, named here the Westmorland Monocline. This 10 km wide zone of highly cleaved, southeast-dipping rocks separates gently dipping, poorly cleaved Borrowdale Volcanic Group to the north from extensively folded but regionally subhorizontal Windermere Group (foreland basin) rocks to the south. The monocline formed early in the local Acadian deformation sequence, and accommodates at least 8 km of uplift. It coincides with the steep concealed margin of the Lake District batholith. A major northwest-dipping shear zone is revealed in the deepest levels now exposed within the monocline, in the Skiddaw Group rocks of the Black Combe inlier.The monocline has the characteristics of a mountain front, providing significant tectonic elevation across a foreland-dipping panel of rocks, with no hinterland-dipping thrust visible at the surface. We interpret the uplift as the consequence of a southeast-vergent thrust with a gently northwest-dipping ramp beneath the central Lake District, continuing southeastwards as a flat detachment beneath the Windermere Group. A displacement up the ramp of about 20 km is accommodated by backthrusting within the monocline and by shortening within the Windermere Group of the hangingwall southeast of the monocline. The tip lies beyond the limit of the Lower Palaeozoic inlier, beneath Carboniferous cover.

Nitrogen fixation in some English lakes

1970 ◽  
Vol 175 (1041) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Molecular Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
The North ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
North And South

Measurements of the fixation of molecular nitrogen have been made using 15 N as a tracer in the open waters of the north and south basins of Windermere and Esthwaite Water, English Lake District, at intervals of approximately 6 weeks over a period of 17 months. Fixation was light dependent (although occasionally appreciable in the dark) and correlated with the presence of heterocystous blue-green algae in the plankton. Examination of the data by multiple regression analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation of rate of fixation with the concentration of organic nitrogen in the water. Although fixation was generally confined to periods when the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the water was below 0.3 mg l -1 there was no statistically significant negative correlation of rate of fixation with nitrate concentration. The annual contribution of nitrogen fixation by planktonic blue-green algae is estimated as 0.037 to 0.287 g N m -2 , being greatest in the early stage of eutrophication represented by the south basin of Windermere. Although nitrogen fixation by plankton algae probably contributes less than 1% of the total nitrogen income of these lakes it may nevertheless be a major source of combined nitrogen for the plankton at particular times.

The Lichens of High Ground in the English Lake District

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. L. Gilbert ◽  
V. J. Giavarini
Keyword(s):  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Acid Rock ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
General Account ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lichen Flora

AbstractA general account of the lichens of high-level acid habitats in the Lake District is provided. This is followed by detailed studies of base-rich sites in the Helvellyn range, acid outcrops in Langdale, and three upland tarns, one of which is of outstanding importance. The lichen vegetation is richer than in Snowdonia or the Northern Pennines, but its diversity is considerably less than that of certain individual mountains in the Scottish Highlands. The montane element is interpreted as representing the last remnants of communities that have declined gradually through the Postglacial Period. Many species are extremely rare. Current restraints on the alpine lichen flora include the climate, the predominance of wet, acid rock and heavy sheep grazing. Rhizocarpon simillimum is reported as new to the British lichen flora

Community surveys of self-reported diarrhoea can dramatically overestimate the size of outbreaks of waterborne cryptosporidiosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Hunter ◽  
Q. Syed
Keyword(s):  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Outbreak Area ◽  
English Lake District ◽  
The Media ◽  
Actual Size

This paper describes a community-based study undertaken to assess the size of a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the North West region of England. The outbreak was linked to a single reservoir in the English Lake District and provided drinking water to over 1.2 million people. There were some 308 laboratory confirmed cases. We conducted a community-based survey for self-reported diarrhoea in four towns within the outbreak area and four control towns. The rate of self-reported diarrhoea was higher in the control towns than in the outbreak towns. It would appear that retrospective community-based studies of diarrhoeal disease are subject to recall bias that would overestimate the incidence of illness, especially following reporting in the media. In the light of our findings, we reviewed the study undertaken during the Milwaukee outbreak that produced the estimated size of 405,000 cases. It is suggested that the estimate of the size of the Milwaukee outbreak is severely flawed, and the actual size of this outbreak was between 1% and 10% of that claimed.

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