Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases

Many agricultural landscapes are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and fragmentation. Landscape ecology focuses on the influence of habitat heterogeneity in space and time on ecological processes. Landscape epidemiology aims at applying concepts and approaches originating from landscape ecology to the study of pathogen dynamics at the landscape scale. However, despite the strong influence that the landscape properties may have on the spread of plant diseases, landscape epidemiology has still received little attention from plant pathologists. Some recent methodological and technological progress provides new and powerful tools to describe and analyse the spatial patterns of host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review some important topics in plant pathology that may benefit from a landscape perspective. These include the influence of: landscape composition on the global inoculum pressure; landscape heterogeneity on pathogen dynamics; landscape structure on pathogen dispersal; and landscape properties on the emergence of pathogens and on their evolution.

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Landscape Heterogeneity and Dynamics

Essentials of Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 42-126

Author(s):

Kimberly A. With

Keyword(s):

Landscape Ecology ◽

Spatial Heterogeneity ◽

Landscape Structure ◽

Landscape Heterogeneity ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Disturbance Dynamics ◽

Wide Range ◽

Over Time

Heterogeneity is a defining characteristic of landscapes and therefore central to the study of landscape ecology. Landscape ecology investigates what factors give rise to heterogeneity, how that heterogeneity is maintained or altered by natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and how heterogeneity ultimately influences ecological processes and flows across the landscape. Because heterogeneity is expressed across a wide range of spatial scales, the landscape perspective can be applied to address these sorts of questions at any level of ecological organization, and in aquatic and marine systems as well as terrestrial ones. Disturbances—both natural and anthropogenic—are a ubiquitous feature of any landscape, contributing to its structure and dynamics. Although the focus in landscape ecology is typically on spatial heterogeneity, disturbance dynamics produce changes in landscape structure over time as well as in space. Heterogeneity and disturbance dynamics are thus inextricably linked and are therefore covered together in this chapter.

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Estimating landscape structure effects on pollination for management of agricultural landscapes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-293659/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ehsan Rahimi ◽

Shahindokht Barghjelveh ◽

Pinliang Dong

Keyword(s):

Landscape Composition ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Edge Density ◽

Forest Patches ◽

Habitat Amount ◽

High Degree ◽

Very High ◽

Landscape Composition And Configuration ◽

Degree Of Fragmentation ◽

Significant Factors

Abstract The present study aims to examine the effects of habitat fragmentation to find a pattern of forest patches in agricultural landscapes that provide the highest pollination level. For this purpose, using simulated agricultural landscapes, including different forest proportions and degrees of fragmentation, pollination in different scenarios was estimated. We used landscape metrics to measure the landscape composition and configuration of each simulated landscape and estimated their statistical relationship with pollination. Our results showed that the effects of fragmentation on pollination were affected by two significant factors; 1- habitat amount and 2- small patches' capacity to supply pollination. Our results showed that when small patches' capacity in supplying pollination was low, fragmentation decreased pollination. When this capacity was very high, landscapes with a high degree of fragmentation showed higher levels of pollination. There was an exception for habitat amounts less than 0.1 of the entire landscape that increasing edge density, aggregation, and the number of patches, resulted in increasing pollination in all scenarios.

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Bee responses to landscape composition on coupled and decoupled multiscale approaches

10.21203/rs.3.rs-750143/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lazaro Carneiro ◽

Milton Cezar Ribeiro ◽

Willian Moura de Aguiar ◽

Camila de Fátima Priante ◽

Wilson Frantine-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Linear Models ◽

Landscape Heterogeneity ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Landscape Composition ◽

Landscape Context ◽

Multiscale Approach ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Scale Of Effect

Abstract ContextMultiscale approaches are essential for understanding ecological processes and detecting the scale of effect. However, nested multiscale approaches retain the effect of the landscape attributes from the smaller spatial scales into the larger ones. Thus, decoupling local vs. regional scales can reveal detailed ecological responses to landscape context, but this multiscale approach is poorly explored. ObjectivesWe evaluated the scale of effect of the forest cover (%) and landscape heterogeneity on Euglossini bees combining coupled and decoupled multiscale approaches. MethodsThe Euglossini males were sampled in forest patches from 15 landscapes within the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil. For simplicity, we defined that the coupled approaches represented the local scales and decoupled approaches the regional scales. We decoupled the scales by cutting out the smaller scales inserted into larger ones. We estimated the relationship of the bee community attributes with forest cover (%) and landscape heterogeneity in local and regional scales using Generalized Linear Models. ResultsWe found positive effects of landscape heterogeneity on species richness for regional scales. Forest cover and landscape heterogeneity in local scales showed positive effects on the euglossine abundances. The scale of effect for euglossine richness was higher than species abundances. ConclusionsCombining coupled and decoupled multiscale approaches showed adequate capture of the scale of effect of the landscape composition on bee communities. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to measure the influence of the landscape context on biodiversity. Maintaining landscapes with larger forest cover and spatial heterogeneity is essential to keep euglossine species requirements.

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The progress and perspectives of landscape ecology in China

Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment ◽

10.1191/0309133306pp479ra ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 232-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Bo-jie Fu ◽

Yi-he Lu

Keyword(s):

Landscape Ecology ◽

Landscape Pattern ◽

Landscape Planning ◽

Arid Zone ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Methodological Development ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Catchment Scale ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Methodological Innovation

After 20 years of research and application, landscape ecology in China has gained many achievements and established a concrete foundation for further development. The major progress of landscape ecology in China was in the fields of land-use structure and ecological processes, landscape pattern and dynamics analysis, theoretical and methodological development, and landscape ecological applications. Past researches emphasized particularly the theories and applications, while the methodological study accounted for a comparatively small part; urban and suburban landscapes, regional and catchment scale landscapes, cold and arid zone landscapes, forest landscapes, agricultural landscapes and wetland landscapes were the main research subjects. Major problems with past researches include the following. 1) There was unbalanced attention on conceptual/theoretical analysis, monitoring, methodological development and applications. 2) Landscape metrics were widely used, whereas the ecological implications were not fully addressed. 3) The researches on the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological processes and scaling were largely preliminary. 4) The risk, uncertainty and accuracy of the data processing were seldom mentioned. 5) The original methodological innovation was scant. To solve these problems effectively and promote landscape ecology in China to full development at a whole new stage of the twenty-first century, the following four closely interrelated and complementary tasks should be addressed: 1) establishing appropriate strategies for the development of landscape ecology; 2) enhancing experiment-based and long-term research; 3) improving landscape planning, design, conservation and management; 4) initiating and advancing the development of unified landscape ecology with Chinese characteristics.

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Ecological Connectivity in Agricultural Green Infrastructure: Suggested Criteria for Fine Scale Assessment and Planning

Land ◽

10.3390/land10080807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 807

Author(s):

Simone Valeri ◽

Laura Zavattero ◽

Giulia Capotorti

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Green Infrastructure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Landscape Heterogeneity ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽

Fine Scale ◽

Unique Type

In promoting biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service capacity, landscape connectivity is considered a critical feature to counteract the negative effects of fragmentation. Under a Green Infrastructure (GI) perspective, this is especially true in rural and peri-urban areas where a high degree of connectivity may be associated with the enhancement of agriculture multifunctionality and sustainability. With respect to GI planning and connectivity assessment, the role of dispersal traits of tree species is gaining increasing attention. However, little evidence is available on how to select plant species to be primarily favored, as well as on the role of landscape heterogeneity and habitat quality in driving the dispersal success. The present work is aimed at suggesting a methodological approach for addressing these knowledge gaps, at fine scales and for peri-urban agricultural landscapes, by means of a case study in the Metropolitan City of Rome. The study area was stratified into Environmental Units, each supporting a unique type of Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV), and a multi-step procedure was designed for setting priorities aimed at enhancing connectivity. First, GI components were defined based on the selection of the target species to be supported, on a fine scale land cover mapping and on the assessment of land cover type naturalness. Second, the study area was characterized by a Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and connectivity was assessed by Number of Components (NC) and functional connectivity metrics. Third, conservation and restoration measures have been prioritized and statistically validated. Notwithstanding the recognized limits, the approach proved to be functional in the considered context and at the adopted level of detail. Therefore, it could give useful methodological hints for the requalification of transitional urban–rural areas and for the achievement of related sustainable development goals in metropolitan regions.

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Effects of landscape composition and connectivity on the distribution of an endangered parrot in agricultural landscapes

Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10980-014-0065-4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 1249-1259 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Simon J. Watson ◽

David M. Watson ◽

Gary W. Luck ◽

Peter G. Spooner

Keyword(s):

Landscape Composition ◽

Agricultural Landscapes

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Forest fragmentation in the landscape in the Atlantic Forest Biome: A systematic review of the literature

Periódico Eletrônico Fórum Ambiental da Alta Paulista ◽

10.17271/1980082717120212704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephany Diolino Cunha ◽

Bruna Sampaio Crivilin ◽

Matheus da Silva Araújo ◽

Luís Antônio Coimbra Borges

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Landscape Ecology ◽

Forest Fragmentation ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Search Terms ◽

High Degree ◽

Forest Biome ◽

Degree Of Fragmentation

Forest fragmentation is defined as the process by which a continuous area of habitat is reduced in size and divided between spaces. Therefore, due to the increase in these areas, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature on forest fragments in the Atlantic Forest biome in order to verify their main characteristics and landscape ecology. Publications in search platforms referring to the period from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed such as: SciELO, Google academic and CAPES journals portal. The search terms entered were: “Studies of forest fragments in the Atlantic Forest biome” and “Landscape ecology in forest fragments”. A total of 15 articles were selected from among the works found, and 5 of these were chosen to be evaluated in the present study. Four of the five works were carried out in the state of Espírito Santo, close to basins and sub-basins, and only one work was carried out in a state park. Thus, the evaluated works with the theme, study of fragmentation and ecology of the landscape showed a high degree of fragmentation, meaning that they have fragments smaller than 5 hectares; in addition, all fragments have an irregular edge effect. Therefore, measures aimed at the conservation of biodiversity are needed in all places so that there is ecological restoration of the landscape and conservation of fauna and flora in the Atlantic Forest biome.

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Agroecological Formación in Rural Social Movements

The Radical Teacher ◽

10.5195/rt.2014.71 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Nils McCune ◽

Juan Reardon ◽

Peter Rosset

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Social Movement ◽

Food System ◽

Food Sovereignty ◽

Ways Of Knowing ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Small Scale ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Local Circuits ◽

Rural Social Movements

Among the many sectors currently engaged in struggle against the corporate food system, small farmers play a particularly important role—not only do they constitute a legitimate alternative to global agribusiness, but also they are the heirs to long traditions of local knowledge and practice. In defending peasant agriculture, rural social movements defend popular control over seeds and genetic resources, water, land and territory against the onslaught of globalized financial capital. A framework called food sovereignty has been developed by the international peasant movement La Via Campesina (LVC), to encompass the various elements of a food system alternative based on reclaiming popular resource control, defending small-scale agriculture and traditional knowledge, rebuilding local circuits of food and labor, and recovering the ecological processes that can make farming sustainable. Recognizing the need to develop “movement people” capable of integrating many ecological, social, cultural and political criteria into their organizational activities, LVC increasingly has articulated processes of popular education and consciousness-raising as part of the global social movement for agroecology and food sovereignty. Given the enormous diversity of organizations and actors in LVC, an underlying feature known in Spanish as diálogo de saberes (roughly the equivalent of “dialogue between ways of knowing”) has characterized LVC processes of education, training, formation and exchange in agroecology. The diálogo de saberes takes place at the level of training centers and schools of the LVC organizations, as well as the larger scale of agricultural landscapes and peasant territories. The interactions between peasant, family or communal farmers, their organizations, their youth and their agroecology create social processes that assume the form and dynamic of a social movement in several countries of Latin America.

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