scholarly journals ‘It's springtime for science’: renewing China–UK scientific relations in the 1970s

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Agar
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Communist China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This paper examines how links between the People's Republic of China and the UK were rebuilt in the 1970s. It not only fills a gap in the historiography but also makes three particular arguments. The first is that there were two intersecting institutional paths along which the rebuilding of links were followed: a foreign policy path, in which the most important body was the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and an academy-level path in which relations between the Royal Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (also known in the early years as the Academia Sinica) were crucial. Especially under conditions in which access and travel to China were extremely restricted, the Royal Society acted as a ‘gatekeeper’, rationing visits to a select few researchers. The second argument is that science was a strategic pathfinder or diplomatic ‘avant garde’. The maintenance of scientific links, even during the most difficult periods of this history when they were all but severed, meant that a path was kept open to ‘further communication and exchange between peoples—and governments’, as Kathlin Smith has found in the broadly similar case of relations between China and the USA. In particular, scientific relations formed an important bridge in the negotiation and eventual agreement of the first treaty signed between the UK and communist China in 1978. It was no coincidence that this highest-level political agreement was accompanied by a parallel accord between the scientific academies. Third, I argue that, nevertheless, even this treaty was not entirely new, and that the model for the China–UK treaty was existing agreements on technology exchanges made with Eastern European countries.

scholarly journals Application of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Pandemic: Bibliometric Analysis

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Md. Mohaimenul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Nasrin Poly ◽  
Belal Alsinglawi ◽  
Li-Fong Lin ◽  
Shuo-Chen Chien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
R Package ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to health has increased, including to COVID-19. This study aimed to provide a clear overview of COVID-19-related AI publication trends using longitudinal bibliometric analysis. A systematic literature search was conducted on the Web of Science for English language peer-reviewed articles related to AI application to COVID-19. A search strategy was developed to collect relevant articles and extracted bibliographic information (e.g., country, research area, sources, and author). VOSviewer (Leiden University) and Bibliometrix (R package) were used to visualize the co-occurrence networks of authors, sources, countries, institutions, global collaborations, citations, co-citations, and keywords. We included 729 research articles on the application of AI to COVID-19 published between 2020 and 2021. PLOS One (33/729, 4.52%), Chaos Solution Fractals (29/729, 3.97%), and Journal of Medical Internet Research (29/729, 3.97%) were the most common journals publishing these articles. The Republic of China (190/729, 26.06%), the USA (173/729, 23.73%), and India (92/729, 12.62%) were the most prolific countries of origin. The Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive institutions. This is the first study to show a comprehensive picture of the global efforts to address COVID-19 using AI. The findings of this study also provide insights and research directions for academic researchers, policymakers, and healthcare practitioners who wish to collaborate in these domains in the future.

Survey of otolaryngology services in Ukraine and neighbouring Central and Eastern European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (11) ◽  
pp. 1002-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Verkerk ◽  
R Wagner ◽  
R Fishchuk ◽  
J J Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Service Improvement ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Training

AbstractObjective:The present humanitarian crisis in Ukraine is putting strains on its healthcare system. This study aimed to assess services and training in otolaryngology, audiology and speech therapy in Ukraine and its geographical neighbours.Method:Survey study of 327 otolaryngologists from 19 countries.Results:Fifty-six otolaryngologists (17 per cent) from 15 countries responded. Numbers of otolaryngologists varied from 3.6 to 12.3 per 100 000 population (Ukraine = 7.8). Numbers of audiologists varied from 0, in Ukraine, to 2.8 per 100 000, in Slovakia, and numbers of speech therapists varied from 0, in Bulgaria, to 4.0 per 100 000, in Slovenia (Ukraine = 0.1). Ukraine lacks newborn and school hearing screening, good availability of otological drills and microscopes, and a cochlear implant programme.Conclusion:There is wide variation in otolaryngology services in Central and Eastern Europe. All countries surveyed had more otolaryngologists per capita than the UK, but availability of audiology and speech and language therapy is poor. Further research on otolaryngology health outcomes in the region will guide service improvement.

Re-Imagining Westphalia

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-198
Author(s):  
M.I. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Electronic Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Karlheinz Stockhausen ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Miles Davis ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Sound Transformation ◽  
The Cold War

Chapter 5 focuses on a work from Karlheinz Stockhausen entitled Hymnen (Anthems). Stockhausen’s influence on the electronic music avant-garde, in classical and popular music domains, on those from his native Germany to the UK, the US, and elsewhere, is legendary. The techniques Stockhausen was refining were also being put to work by the Beatles, Miles Davis, and Frank Zappa, to name a few. Working with national anthems that are sampled and transformed, Hymnen is a landmark work that I argue is as much about “remembering” as it is a research-based experiment in the early years of electronic and acoustic sound transformation. This work, completed during 1960s, evokes the cold war years where space exploration, civil rights, and nuclear (dis)armament standoffs between the communist East and the capitalist West predominated. It is also the decade of Woodstock, political assassinations, civil rights, and antiwar movements in the US and around the world. Hymnen still has a lot to offer for contemporary explorations into the geopolitics of any music-politics nexus.

Remarks by Rauer Meyer

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 190-192
Author(s):  
Rauer Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Countries ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Department Of Commerce ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
East West

I shall address myself to controls on exports. And here, when the program talks about the “Legal Framework of East-West Trade,” it might more properly be called a “thicket” rather than a “framework.” At least ten pieces of legislation govern exports, but I shall focus on controls exercised by the Department of Commerce, since they affect the vast proportion of commodities in commercial transactions with the Communist countries. I shall not distinguish between the situation with regard to the People’s Republic of China and the Eastern European countries, because our published regulations make no such distinction.

scholarly journals Privatization processes in banking: Motives and models

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zivota Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Bank Privatization ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The paper consists of three methodologically and causally connected thematic parts: the first part deals with crucial motives and models of the privatization processes in the USA and EU with a particular analytical focus on the Herfindahl-Hirschman doctrine of the collective domination index, as well as on the essence of merger-acquisition and take-over models. The second thematic part of the paper, as a logical continuation of the first one represents a brief comparative analysis of the motives and models implemented in bank privatization in the south-eastern European countries with particular focus on identifying interests of foreign investors, an optimal volume and price of the investment, and assessment of finalized privatizations in those countries. The final part of the paper theoretically and practically stems from the first and the second part, in that way making an interdependent and a compatible thematic whole with them, presents qualitative and quantitative aspects of analyzing finalized privatization and/or sale-purchase of Serbian banks with particular focus on IPO and IPOPLUS as the prevailing models of future sale-purchase in privatizing Serbian banks.

scholarly journals Conceptualising the Agency of Migrant Women Workers: Resilience, Reworking and Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-899
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rydzik ◽  
Sundari Anitha
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Migration History ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Uk

This article examines migrant women tourism workers’ understandings of, and diverse responses to, exploitative working conditions by taking account of the constraints posed by oppressive contexts and ideologies. It analyses how their location at the intersection of multiple axes of disadvantage and discrimination on account of gender, ethno-nationality, immigration status and migration history as well as their low-status employment and educational level, shapes both their understandings of particular experiences of exploitation and possible responses to these, and examines the effects of their practices upon the power structures at work. Based on the experiences of eleven women from Central and Eastern European countries working in the UK tourism industry, this article theorises workers’ responses to hyperexploitative employment relations by utilising a differentiated conceptualisation of agency as practices of resilience, reworking and resistance. In doing so, it rejects binary categories of victimhood and agency, as well as romanticised accounts of unmitigated resistance.

The transformation of foreign policy of People’s Republic of China in 1949–1976

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (04-1) ◽  
pp. 122-133
Author(s):  
Ilya Kolesnikov ◽  
Konstantin Kasparyan ◽  
Elena Malyshkina ◽  
Jordan Gjorchev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Communist China ◽  
The Usa

The article is devoted to the comprehension of changes in foreign policy of Communist China during Mao Zedong's rule - in late 1940s - mid 1970s. The authors investigate the causes and consequences of fundamental changes in the Chinese foreign policy doctrine, taking into account the whole range of objective and subjective factors that led to the deterioration of the Soviet-Chinese relations and the beginning of rapprochement between China and the USA.

scholarly journals Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e006422
Author(s):  
Leonardo Villani ◽  
Roberta Pastorino ◽  
Walter Ricciardi ◽  
John Ioannidis ◽  
Stefania Boccia
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Countries ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Better Than

The objectives of the study were to calculate the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for COVID-19 in European Union/European Economic Area countries plus the UK and Switzerland and to evaluate the correlation between SMRs and selected indicators in the first versus the subsequent waves until 23 June 2021. We used indirect standardisation (using Italy as the reference) to compute SMRs and considered 16 indicators of health and social well-being, health system capacity and COVID-19 response. The highest SMRs were in Belgium, the UK and Spain in the first wave (1.20–1.84) and in Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia in the subsequent waves (2.50–2.69). Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, urbanisation and healthcare expenditure had positive correlations with SMR in the first wave (rho=0.30–0.46), but negative correlations (rho=−0.67 to −0.47) in the subsequent waves. Retail/recreation mobility and transit mobility were negatively correlated with SMR in the first wave, while transit mobility was inversely correlated with SMR in the subsequent waves. The first wave hit most hard countries with high HDI, high life expectancy, high urbanisation, high health expenditures and high tourism. This pattern may reflect higher early community seeding and circulation of the virus. Conversely, in the subsequent waves, this pattern was completely inversed: countries with more resources and better health status did better than eastern European countries. While major SMR differences existed across countries in the first wave, these differences largely dissipated by 23 June 2021, with few exceptions.

scholarly journals Introduction: Literary Advice from Quill to Keyboard

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Anneleen Masschelein
Keyword(s):  
Henry James ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Publishing World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cultural And Creative Industries

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief history of the dominant, Anglo-American literary advice tradition from the nineteenth century to the present as well as a state of the art of the existing scholarship on literary advice. We focus on several key moments for literary advice in the USA and in the UK: Edgar Allan Poe’s “Philosophy of Composition” (1846), the debate between Sir Walter Besant and Henry James surrounding “The Art of Fiction” (1884), the era of the handbook (1880s–1930s), the “program era” (McGurl 2009) and postwar literary advice, the rise of the “advice author” in the 1980s and 1990s, and finally advice in the “digital literary sphere” (Murray 2018). The overview captures both the remarkable consistency and the transformations of advice, against the background of changes in the literary system, the rise of creative writing, changes in the publishing world, and the rise of the Internet and self-publishing. It highlights the role of some specific actors in the literary advice industry, such as moguls, women, and gurus, and draws attention to a number of subgenres (genre handbooks, self-help literary advice, and the writing memoir),  as well as to counter-reactions and resistance to advice in literary works and in avant-garde manuals. Advice is regarded both in the context of the professionalization of authorship in a literary culture shaped by cultural and creative industries, and of the exponential increase of amateur creativity.

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