scholarly journals The invasive plant, Brassica nigra , degrades local mycorrhizas across a wide geographical landscape

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 150300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Pakpour ◽  
John Klironomos
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Brassica Nigra ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Black Mustard ◽  
Invasive Exotic

Disruption of mycorrhizal fungi that form symbioses with local native plants is a strategy used by some invasive exotic plants for competing within their resident communities. Example invasive plants include Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard), both non-mycorrhizal plants in the Family Brassicaceae. Although there is clear evidence for mycorrhizal degradation, it is not known if such an effect is widespread across the naturalized range. In this study, we tested the ability of black mustard to degrade the local mycorrhizal symbiosis and supress the growth of native flora from across a variety of locations where black mustard has invaded. We found that the effects on mycorrhizal fungi and on the growth of native plants were consistently negative at the various sites. The present results indicate that degradation of the mycorrhizal symbiosis by black mustard is of general significance, and may be highly problematic considering the large range that it has occupied in open fields across North America.

Effects of the invasive plant garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on bacterial communities in a northern hardwood forest soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Burke ◽  
Charlotte R. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Bacterial

We compared the effects of the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and 2 native plants on soil bacterial communities in a mature mesophytic forest. Soil samples were collected from plant patches containing either Alliaria or the native plants Allium tricoccum (wild leek) and Gallium triflorum (bedstraw). Since Alliaria litter contains secondary compounds that have reported antimicrobial properties, soil was collected outside the root zone of the plants but within the plant patches such that the soil would have been influenced by the litter of the respective plant species but not by plant roots. DNA was extracted from the soil samples and used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene region using bacterial specific primers. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) profiles of each bacterial community were used to examine differences in bacterial communities among the plant species and between August and April sampling. Bacterial richness, evenness, and diversity were not significantly affected by plant species. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) suggested that differences existed between August and April sampling, but that plant species litter exerted a much weaker effect on soil bacterial communities. Soil physiochemical conditions were significantly correlated with soil bacterial communities and may underlie the observed seasonal changes in bacterial communities.

scholarly journals Effect of Removal of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaeae) on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculum Potential in Forest Soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Anderson ◽  
M. Rebecca Anderson ◽  
Jonathan T. Bauer ◽  
Mitchell Slater ◽  
Jamie Herold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Garlic Mustard

scholarly journals Allelopathy of Knotweeds as Invasive Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Germination And Growth

Perennial herbaceous Fallopia is native to East Asia, and was introduced to Europe and North America in the 19th century as an ornamental plant. Fallopia has been spreading quickly and has naturalized in many countries. It is listed in the world’s 100 worst alien species. Fallopia often forms dense monospecies stands through the interruption of the regeneration process of indigenous plant species. Allelopathy of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia x bohemica) has been reported to play an essential role in its invasion. The exudate from their roots and/or rhizomes, and their plant residues inhibited the germination and growth of some other plant species. These knotweeds, which are non-mycorrhizal plants, also suppressed the abundance and species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil. Such suppression was critical for most territorial plants to form the mutualism with AMF, which enhances the nutrient and water uptake, and the tolerance against pathogens and stress conditions. Several allelochemicals such as flavanols, stilbenes, and quinones were identified in the extracts, residues, and rhizosphere soil of the knotweeds. The accumulated evidence suggests that some of those allelochemicals in knotweeds may be released into the rhizosphere soil through the decomposition process of their plant parts, and the exudation from their rhizomes and roots. Those allelochemicals may inhibit the germination and growth of native plants, and suppress the mycorrhizal colonization of native plants, which provides the knotweeds with a competitive advantage, and interrupts the regeneration processes of native plants. Therefore, allelopathy of knotweeds may contribute to establishing their new habitats in the introduced ranges as invasive plant species. It is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of knotweeds.

Allelopathic disruptions of biotic interactions due to non-native plants.

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Smith-Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Native Invasive

Abstract Allelopathy, or the process by which plants influence the growth and performance of their neighbours through the release of chemicals, may play a key role in mediating the impacts of non-native invasive species on their neighbours. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis purports that non-native invasive species are in part successful because they produce harmful allelochemicals to which resident species are particularly susceptible because residents lack a shared evolutionary history with the invader. While allelopathic non-native invaders may reduce the growth and performance of neighbours through direct phytotoxicity, they may more often exert negative impacts through disruption of biotic interactions among resident species. Allelopathy by non-native plants may disrupt mutualisms between resident plants and microbes, plant-herbivore interactions or existing competitive and facilitative interactions among resident plants. For example, several non-native plants are known to disrupt the mutualism between resident plants and mycorrhizal fungi, reducing resident plant fitness to the benefit of the invader. Allelopathic non-natives may also disrupt interactions among resident plants and their herbivores when allelochemicals also influence herbivore behaviour or fitness. Alternatively, biotic interactions can also be protective for resident species, which may be less susceptible to the impacts of non-native species when their mutualisms are intact. As we advance our understanding of allelopathy and its role in mediating the impacts of invasive plant species, we may gain new insights by viewing invasions within a network context rather than focusing on pairwise interactions.

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Removal Method Affects Native Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kathryn Barto ◽  
Don Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
First Year ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Entire Plant

AbstractWe used a growth chamber experiment with first-year garlic mustard plants to explore the effects of three garlic mustard removal techniques (treatment with glyphosate, pulling out the entire plant, and clipping the shoot) on growth of the native herb pale jewelweed and its associated mycorrhizal fungi. We also explored the effects of activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula amendments. We monitored plant height, intra- and extraradical mycorrhizal structures, root growth, and the fractal dimension of the root system. Removing as much garlic mustard root tissue as possible by hand pulling plants led to larger jewelweed plants than other removal methods. Activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula did not improve plant growth.

Effects of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Removal on the Abundance of Entomopathogenic Fungi

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Vaicekonyte ◽  
Felicia Keesing
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
New York ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Biochemical Compounds ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Invasive Exotic

AbstractGarlic mustard is an invasive, exotic herb that is now widespread in North America. Recent research has shown that garlic mustard exudes biochemical compounds that inhibit the growth of entomopathogenic fungi. We investigated how the removal of garlic mustard would affect the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi in forest soils in eastern New York. Using a standard bioassay, we compared the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi in soil with and without garlic mustard both before and 45 d after garlic mustard had been experimentally removed. In soil from which garlic mustard had been experimentally removed 45 d earlier, the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi was restored to levels found in soil with no history of garlic mustard. These results suggest it is possible to increase the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi in the soil in a short time by eradicating garlic mustard plants from an invaded area. Recolonization by entomopathogenic fungi could be beneficial to humans if it increases the mortality of arthropods that are vectors of infectious disease, such as blacklegged ticks, but harmful if it increases the mortality of arthropods that provide valuable ecosystem services, such as bees and ants.

scholarly journals Second Year Post-Wildfire Recovery Inhibits Dispersal of Allelopathic, Invasive Forb

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Marcus Schlau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Black Mustard ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Native Shrubs ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract The increasing frequency of wildfires in Southern California’s Mediterranean-type habitats has been facilitating the displacement of native plants by invasive annuals. Black mustard ( Brassica nigra ) is an abundant, allelopathically harmful, invasive forb, which readily colonizes soil niches following most disturbances. Wildfires, however, are unlike other forms of disturbance because they can fundamental alter plant-soil interactions through both physical and chemical changes in the soil. Here, a comparative field study of burned and unburned sites suggests that the Woolsey Fire – the largest wildfire ever recorded in California’s Santa Monica Mountains – inhibited dispersal of B. nigra and changed how it interacts with other plant species in the second year of post-fire recovery. More surprisingly, native plants were more likely to replace B. nigra than non-native plants in burned sites. These results indicate the possibility of post-fire seeding with specific “fire follower” native plant species may allow native flora to occupy soil niche space until longer-lived, competitive native shrubs establish.

scholarly journals First report of Erysiphe cruciferarum causing powdery mildew of Alliaria petiolata in Maryland

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Robert Fulcher ◽  
Paul C Owen-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Erysiphe Cruciferarum ◽  
Disease Free

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (garlic mustard) is a biennial crucifer native to Europe and invasive in North America, where it outcompetes native plants in deciduous forests. In July 2021, powdery mildew was observed on A. petiolata in Frederick County, Maryland. Signs of the disease included white, tomentose mycelium producing abundant conidia (Fig S1). A majority of plants were affected, and severity ranged from the presence of small, discrete infections to complete colonization of leaves, stems, and ripening seed pods. Conidia from field collected leaves were transferred to disease-free A. petiolata for maintenance in a growth chamber at 20°C and 80% RH with a 12 hr photoperiod. Fungal morphology was recorded 30 days after this transfer. Appressoria were irregularly lobed, and conidiophores were straight and composed of 2-3 cells. Cylindrical to oblong conidia were produced singly in pseudochains of 2-6 (x̄ = 3), measured 39-64 by 18-29 (x̄ = 52 by 24) μm, had a length to width ratio greater than two, and germinated at the ends. Fibrosin bodies were absent from conidia, and chasmothecia were not observed in the field or on inoculated plant material. Based on anamorphic characteristics, the pathogen was placed in the genus Erysiphe (Boesewinkel 1980). Species level identity was determined using DNA sequences. Conidia and mycelia were scraped from leaves and used for genomic DNA extraction with the Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). A portion of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). Purified amplicons (PCR & DNA Cleanup Kit, New England BioLabs Inc., Ipswich, MA) were sequenced at Eurofins Genomics (Louisville, KY). The resulting sequence was compared to those in NCBI GenBank using the blastn algorithm (Altschul et al. 1990). The newly generated sequence (GenBank: OK157430) was identical (599/599 bp) to samples of E. cruciferarum from the United Kingdom (GenBank: KY660931.1, KY660879.1, KY660752.1). Because E. cruciferarum sensu lato is heterogeneous (Pastirčáková et al. 2016), additional sequence comparisons were made to the E. cruciferarum sensu stricto holotype (589/599 bp, GenBank: KU672364) and a vouchered E. cruciferarum s. lat. (596/599 bp, GenBank: LC009943). This supports identification of the pathogen as E. cruciferarum s. lat. and suggests the taxonomy of isolates from A. petiolata should be reassessed following any revision to E. cruciferarum. A modified Koch’s postulates procedure was followed to confirm pathogenicity. Leaves colonized by E. cruciferarum were briefly pressed against the leaves of three disease-free plants grown from seed in a greenhouse. After 14 days, inoculated plants showed signs of powdery mildew similar to those observed in the field, and a control treatment using pathogen-free leaves resulted in no disease. This inoculation experiment was performed twice, and the identity of the pathogen was reconfirmed based on morphology. This is the first report of powdery mildew on A. petiolata in Maryland. Erysiphe cruciferarum s. lat. is widely distributed on other hosts and has been found on A. petiolata throughout Europe and in Ohio and Indiana (Farr and Rossman 2021; Blossey et al. 2001; Enright and Cipollini 2007; Ciola and Cipollini 2011). This pathogen has been proposed as a biological control agent (Cipollini and Enright 2009; Cipollini et al. 2020), and the presence of disease in Maryland suggests the local population of A. petiolata is susceptible to E. cruciferarum and the environment there is favorable to disease development. References: Altschul, S. F., et al. 1990. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403. Blossey, B., et al. 2001. Nat. Areas J. 21:357. Boesewinkel, H. J. 1980. Bot. Rev. 46:167. Ciola, V., and Cipollini, D. 2011. Am. Midl. Nat. 166:40-52. Cipollini, D., and Enright, S. M. 2009. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 2:253. Cipollini, D., et al. 2020. Biol. Invasions. 22:1657-1668. Enright, S. M., and Cipollini, D. 2007. Am. J. Bot. 94:1813. Farr, D. F., and Rossman, A. Y. 2021. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbial. Lab., ARS, USDA. https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ Pastirčáková, K., et al. 2016. Mycol. Prog. 15:36 White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego. Keywords: Alliaria petiolata, Erysiphe cruciferarum, garlic mustard, powdery mildew, invasive plant, biocontrol Funding and Disclaimer: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported by USDA-ARS Appropriated Project Number 8044-22000-047-000-D. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity lender, provider, and employer.

scholarly journals Climate change both facilitates and inhibits invasive plant ranges in New England

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (16) ◽  
pp. E3276-E3284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Merow ◽  
Sarah Treanor Bois ◽  
Jenica M. Allen ◽  
Yingying Xie ◽  
John A. Silander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New England ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Japanese Barberry

Forecasting ecological responses to climate change, invasion, and their interaction must rely on understanding underlying mechanisms. However, such forecasts require extrapolation into new locations and environments. We linked demography and environment using experimental biogeography to forecast invasive and native species’ potential ranges under present and future climate in New England, United States to overcome issues of extrapolation in novel environments. We studied two potentially nonequilibrium invasive plants’ distributions, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), each paired with their native ecological analogs to better understand demographic drivers of invasions. Our models predict that climate change will considerably reduce establishment of a currently prolific invader (A. petiolata) throughout New England driven by poor demographic performance in warmer climates. In contrast, invasion of B. thunbergii will be facilitated because of higher growth and germination in warmer climates, with higher likelihood to establish farther north and in closed canopy habitats in the south. Invasion success is in high fecundity for both invasive species and demographic compensation for A. petiolata relative to native analogs. For A. petiolata, simulations suggest that eradication efforts would require unrealistic efficiency; hence, management should focus on inhibiting spread into colder, currently unoccupied areas, understanding source–sink dynamics, and understanding community dynamics should A. petiolata (which is allelopathic) decline. Our results—based on considerable differences with correlative occurrence models typically used for such biogeographic forecasts—suggest the urgency of incorporating mechanism into range forecasting and invasion management to understand how climate change may alter current invasion patterns.

Allelopathic disruptions of biotic interactions due to non-native plants.

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-280
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Smith-Ramesh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Native Invasive

Allelopathy, or the process by which plants influence the growth and performance of their neighbours through the release of chemicals, may play a key role in mediating the impacts of non-native invasive species on their neighbours. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis purports that non-native invasive species are in part successful because they produce harmful allelochemicals to which resident species are particularly susceptible because residents lack a shared evolutionary history with the invader. While allelopathic non-native invaders may reduce the growth and performance of neighbours through direct phytotoxicity, they may more often exert negative impacts through disruption of biotic interactions among resident species. Allelopathy by non-native plants may disrupt mutualisms between resident plants and microbes, plant-herbivore interactions or existing competitive and facilitative interactions among resident plants. For example, several non-native plants are known to disrupt the mutualism between resident plants and mycorrhizal fungi, reducing resident plant fitness to the benefit of the invader. Allelopathic non-natives may also disrupt interactions among resident plants and their herbivores when allelochemicals also influence herbivore behaviour or fitness. Alternatively, biotic interactions can also be protective for resident species, which may be less susceptible to the impacts of non-native species when their mutualisms are intact. As we advance our understanding of allelopathy and its role in mediating the impacts of invasive plant species, we may gain new insights by viewing invasions within a network context rather than focusing on pairwise interactions.

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