scholarly journals Social learning about dangerous people by wild jackdaws

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 191031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria E. Lee ◽  
Noémie Régli ◽  
Guillam E. McIvor ◽  
Alex Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Alarm Calls ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats ◽  
Important Evidence ◽  
Corvus Monedula

For animals that live alongside humans, people can present both an opportunity and a threat. Previous studies have shown that several species can learn to discriminate between individual people and assess risk based on prior experience. To avoid potentially costly encounters, it may also pay individuals to learn about dangerous people based on information from others. Social learning about anthropogenic threats is likely to be beneficial in habitats dominated by human activity, but experimental evidence is limited. Here, we tested whether wild jackdaws ( Corvus monedula ) use social learning to recognize dangerous people. Using a within-subjects design, we presented breeding jackdaws with an unfamiliar person near their nest, combined with conspecific alarm calls. Subjects that heard alarm calls showed a heightened fear response in subsequent encounters with the person compared to a control group, reducing their latency to return to the nest. This study provides important evidence that animals use social learning to assess the level of risk posed by individual humans.

In a Working Mood?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Reinecke ◽  
Sabine Trepte
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mood Management ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Personal Media ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Subsequent Task

Abstract. This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of exposure to a computer game on arousal and subsequent task performance. After inducing a state of low arousal, participants were assigned to experimental or control conditions via self-selection. Members of the experimental group played a computer game for five minutes; subjects in the control group spent the same amount of time awaiting further instructions. Participants who were exposed to the computer game showed significantly higher levels of arousal and performed significantly better on a subsequent cognitive task. The pattern of results was not influenced by the participants' prior experience with the game. The findings indicate that mood-management processes associated with personal media use at the workplace go beyond the alteration of arousal and affect subsequent cognitive performance.

Sexuality Education Intervention for Parents of Children With Disabilities: A Pilot Training Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Clatos ◽  
Matthew Asare
Keyword(s):  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Sexual Communication ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Education Intervention ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of the study is to evaluate pilot sexuality education intervention for parents of children with disabilities between ages between 6 and 25 years old. A within subjects design was utilized and 15 parents of children with disabilities were recruited to receive a two-week sexuality education without a control group. A paired-samples t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between the participants’ pre-test and post intervention scores in their attitude and beliefs, sexual communication, knowledge, and self-efficacy of sexuality education among children with disabilities (all p<.001). The intervention change the participants sexual communication behavior and increased knowledge about sexuality education among parents of children with disabilities.

Experience-based effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-240
Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Michael T. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Situation Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Action ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Processing Difficulty

This chapter presents experimental evidence suggesting that the acceptability of certain island violations is contingent on the prior experience that speakers have with both main situation type described by the proposition itself, and the particular syntactic construction in which it is conveyed. Highly coherent and prototypical complex structures more easily lend themselves to licensing extraction from otherwise deeply embedded positions, and comprehenders can adapt to the frequency of the input in order to overcome the processing difficulty caused when the input is unusual and inconsistent with their prior experience. Acceptability ratings thus range from highly acceptable to unacceptable, suggesting that the plausibility of the proposition itself, the degree to which the extracted phrase plays a role in the main action, and the frequency of such dependencies create a malleable acceptability cline. Acceptability differences likely stem from the proposition itself, the world knowledge it evokes, and the degree to which the extracted relevant matters for the main state-of-affairs that the utterance conveys.

scholarly journals Open to Open? An Exploration of Textbook Preferences and Strategies to Offset Textbook Costs for Online Versus On-Campus Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talea Anderson ◽  
Carrie Cuttler
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Course Materials ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Psychology Courses ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Open Textbooks

As open textbook initiatives are on the rise, a burgeoning literature has begun exploring student perceptions of openly licensed textbooks used in higher education. Most of this research has lacked consideration of potential differences in the perceptions of online and on-campus students and has failed to include a control group of students using traditional textbooks. Therefore, the authors employed a 2 x 2 design to directly compare perceptions of online students with on-campus students assigned either open or traditional textbooks. Students (N = 925) enrolled in multiple sections of psychology courses at a midsized R1 institution completed a survey on their perceptions of their particular book’s format and features, as well as strategies they typically employ to offset the cost of expensive course materials. The results revealed that online and on-campus students report disparate strategies for offsetting the high costs of textbooks, different preferences in textbook formats (print versus digital versus both) when cost is not a factor, and differences in their ratings of the importance of various textbook features. Moreover, the results indicate that the use of open textbooks may increase preference for free digital textbooks over paid printed textbooks. Based on these results, the authors suggest that campuses might consider providing customized support to different student populations as open textbook initiatives gain in popularity on university campuses. Additionally, they suggest that prior exposure to open textbooks may increase students’ willingness to use openly licensed materials in future courses. They recommend future research on this question, using a longitudinal within-subjects designs.  

scholarly journals Exploring individual and social learning in jackdaws (Corvus monedula)

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira G. Federspiel ◽  
M. Boeckle ◽  
A. M. P. von Bayern ◽  
N. J. Emery
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Corvus Monedula

Rhythm or Music? Contrasting Two Types of Auditory Stimuli in the Performance of a Dancing Routine

2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisana Pollatou ◽  
Vassilia Hatzitaki ◽  
Kostandina Karadimou
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether rhythmic beats only or music would be more effective as accompaniment for the motor performance of specific rhythmic-dance steps by 30 female students of physical education ( M age 20.1 yr.), without prior experience in music or dance. They performed a dance routine in synchronization with a musical phrase of eight rhythmical meters, with the general value of 4/4 each. Each meter involved representative steps of the rhythmical values of 4/4, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 like rhythmical walking, small kicks, galloping, chassé, cat leap, and different ways of balancing. Subjects performed these in synchronization to the rhythm played on a tambourine or to music played on an harmonium. All movement performances were registered using two video cameras. Differences between the two groups (“rhythm” and “music”) and across the different meters (4/4, 1/8, 1/8, 1/16, 1/4) were analyzed by a mixed between-within subjects 2 × 3 analysis of variance with repeated measures of “meter.” Students who performed with the tambourine showed better synchrony with that external auditory stimulus than students who performed the same routine guided by music played on the harmonium. Also, students showed better synchrony with the external rhythm when performing a whole (4/4 meter) than when performing either the 1/8 or the mixed 1/8–1/16–1/4 meters. These findings suggest that for highly complex artistic movements such as the ones involved in dance, beginners perform much better when their movements are guided by a rhythmical sequence of single beats than when guided by a musical phrase having identical metrical structure.

scholarly journals Detecting Fear of Heights Response to a Virtual Reality Environment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciënne A. de With ◽  
Nattapong Thammasan ◽  
Mannes Poel
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Grand Average ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Fear Of Heights

To enable virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) that treats anxiety disorders by gradually exposing the patient to fear using virtual reality (VR), it is important to monitor the patient's fear levels during the exposure. Despite the evidence of a fear circuit in the brain as reflected by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), the measurement of fear response in highly immersive VR using fNIRS is limited, especially in combination with a head-mounted display (HMD). In particular, it is unclear to what extent fNIRS can differentiate users with and without anxiety disorders and detect fear response in a highly ecological setting using an HMD. In this study, we investigated fNIRS signals captured from participants with and without a fear of height response. To examine the extent to which fNIRS signals of both groups differ, we conducted an experiment during which participants with moderate fear of heights and participants without it were exposed to VR scenarios involving heights and no heights. The between-group statistical analysis shows that the fNIRS data of the control group and the experimental group are significantly different only in the channel located close to right frontotemporal lobe, where the grand average oxygenated hemoglobin Δ[HbO] contrast signal of the experimental group exceeds that of the control group. The within-group statistical analysis shows significant differences between the grand average Δ[HbO] contrast values during fear responses and those during no-fear responses, where the Δ[HbO] contrast values of the fear responses were significantly higher than those of the no-fear responses in the channels located towards the frontal part of the prefrontal cortex. Also, the channel located close to frontocentral lobe was found to show significant difference for the grand average deoxygenated hemoglobin contrast signals. Support vector machine-based classifier could detect fear responses at an accuracy up to 70% and 74% in subject-dependent and subject-independent classifications, respectively. The results demonstrate that cortical hemodynamic responses of a control group and an experimental group are different to a considerable extent, exhibiting the feasibility and ecological validity of the combination of VR-HMD and fNIRS to elicit and detect fear responses. This research thus paves a way toward the a brain-computer interface to effectively manipulate and control VRET.

scholarly journals Isolating red flags to enhance diagnosis (I-RED): An experimental vignette study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Chartan ◽  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Parthasarathy Krishnamurthy ◽  
Moushumi Sur ◽  
Ashley Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Complex Cases

Abstract Objective To investigate effects of a cognitive intervention based on isolation of red flags (I-RED) on diagnostic accuracy of ‘do-not-miss diagnoses.’ Design A 2 × 2 randomized case vignette-based experiment with manipulation of I-RED strategy between subjects and case complexity within subjects. Setting Two university-based residency programs. Participants One-hundred and nine pediatric residents from all levels of training. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to the I-RED vs. control group, and within each group, they were further randomized to the order in which they saw simple and complex cases. The I-RED strategy involved an instruction to look for a constellation of symptoms, signs, clinical data or circumstances that should heighten suspicion for a serious condition. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was diagnostic accuracy, scored as 1 if any of the three differentials given by participants included the correct diagnosis, and 0 if not. We analyzed effects of I-RED strategy on diagnostic accuracy using logistic regression. Results I-RED strategy did not yield statistically higher diagnostic accuracy compared to controls (62 vs. 48%, respectively; odd ratio = 2.07 [95% confidence interval, 0.78–5.5], P = 0.14) although participants reported higher decision confidence compared to controls (7.00 vs. 5.77 on a scale of 1 to 10, P < 0.02) in simple but not complex cases. I-RED strategy significantly shortened time to decision (460 vs. 657 s, P < 0.001) and increased the number of red flags generated (3.04 vs. 2.09, P < 0.001). Conclusions A cognitive strategy of prompting red flag isolation prior to differential diagnosis did not improve diagnostic accuracy of ‘do-not-miss diagnoses.’ Given the paucity of evidence-based solutions to reduce diagnostic error and the intervention’s potential effect on confidence, findings warrant additional exploration.

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