Energy per ion pair for electrons in gases and gas mixtures

1952 ◽  
Vol 211 (1104) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
End Effect ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
Mev Protons ◽  
Α Particles

The energy expenditure per ion pair, V , for electrons in argon, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, air, oxygen and methane is determined using ion chambers and proportional counters with terminals which correct for ‘end-effect’. Experiments using 37 A and tritium as sources of ionizing electrons are performed. Curves of ion current against percentage of argon admixed with the other gases are plotted. The variation of V with energy of the ionizing electrons is investigated for nitrogen between the limits 200 eV and 46*7 keV for the primary electrons and only a small variation is found. The ratio V gas/ V argon is given in each case and is found to be almost identical to the corresponding ratio for ionization by 340 MeV protons. Examination of previous work with α- particles suggests close agreement with the values for electrons and protons.

The Turnover in Normal Dogs of Prothrombin and Its Fragments; Effect of Induced Intravascular Coagulation

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 548-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A Owen ◽  
Kenneth G Mann ◽  
Frederic C McDuffie
Keyword(s):  
Close Agreement ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Capillary Barrier ◽  
Prothrombin Fragment ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Dog Brain

SummaryWhen 125I-labeled canine prothrombin was given to normal adult dogs intravenously, it was calculated that 240% of the plasma prothrombin crossed the capillary barrier per day, 410% of the interstitial prothrombin returned to the blood stream daily, and 79% of the plasmatic prothrombin was catabolized per day. These data are in close agreement with those observed for bovine prothrombin in calves by Takeda (1970).When derived from normal dog prothrombin, prethrombin-1 is a mixture of 2 polypeptides, one larger than the other, and both present in about equal amounts. The longer peptide, “prethrombin-1-long,” was catabolized twice as fast as prothrombin, and the shorter, “prethrombin-1-short,” 4 times faster. Prothrombin fragment-1 was catabolized by the normal dog still more rapidly.The catabolism of prothrombin was not accelerated in 3 dogs receiving continuous infusions of a thromboplastic emulsion of dog brain. Nor was the level of prothrombin in their plasma remarkably altered.

Stopping powers of polycarbonate for 0.36–5.94-MeV protons and 1.0–24.0-MeV α particles

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 2080-2085 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Räisänen ◽  
W. H. Trzaska ◽  
T. Alanko ◽  
V. Lyapin ◽  
L. E. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Mev Protons ◽  
Α Particles

scholarly journals Some nuclear transformations of beryllium and boron and the masses of the light elements

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (869) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Emission ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Small Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Mass Data ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Α Particles

In a recent paper we showed that the nuclear transformations produced in lithium by bombarding the element with protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen were in complete accord with the laws of the conservation of mass-energy and of momentum. At the same time we pointed out that there were serious discrepancies between the mass-data and the transformation-data in some other cases, and we stressed the fact that the concordance for lithium was one between mass-differences, and gave no test of the correctness or otherwise of the absolute masses in terms of O 16 = 16·000. In the present communication we present the results of experiments on the transformation of beryllium and boron by protons and by ions of heavy hydrogen. It is shown that it is not possible to interpret these results on the mass-data at present available, and we indicate how the difficulties may be overcome by the assumption of a single small error in the mass-spectrographic value for the mass of He 4 . Beryllium So far as it is known beryllium consists of a single isotope,* the mass of which according to Bainbridge is 9·0155. This mass is greater than that of two α-partieles and a neutron (8·0043 + 1·0080§ = 9·0123) by nearly three million volts, and hence great difficulties have been en­countered in nuclear theory in accounting for the observed stability. It had been found by Rayleigh|| that the mineral beryl contained an abnormal quantity of helium, while the experiments of Curie-Joliot and of Chadwick¶ had shown that beryllium gave a copious emission of neutrons when bombarded by α-particles, but the most careful search has failed to give any evidence whatever for a spontaneous emission of particles from the element. Both lithium and boron, of atomic numbers 3 and 5 respectively, are very easily transformed by bombardment wit protons and with ions of heavy hydrogen, so that it was to be expected that beryllium, which lies between them in the periodic table, would also give effects when bombarded by the same ions. Observation of the energies evolved if the reactions are known with certainty, should then lead to values for the mass of Be 9 in terms of the masses of the other products of the transformations, which can be used to check the mass found by Bainbridge.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of RFamide-Related Peptide-3 on Energy Metabolism in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8606
Author(s):  
Shogo Moriwaki ◽  
Yuki Narimatsu ◽  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
The Masses

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), the mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), plays a crucial role in reproduction. In the present study, we explored the other functions of RFRP-3 by investigating the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of RFRP-3 (6 nmol/day) for 13 days on energy homeostasis in lean male C57BL/6J mice. The infusion of RFRP-3 increased cumulative food intake and body mass. In addition, the masses of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the liver were increased by the administration of RFRP-3, although the mass of white adipose tissue was unchanged. On the other hand, RFRP-3 decreased O2 consumption, CO2 production, energy expenditure, and core body temperature during a short time period in the dark phase. These results suggest that the increase in food intake and the decrease in energy expenditure contributed to the gain of body mass, including the masses of BAT and the liver. The present study shows that RFRP-3 regulates not only reproductive function, but also energy metabolism, in mice.

Regulatory alterations of daily energy expenditure induced by fasting or overfeeding in unrestrained rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shibata ◽  
L. J. Bukowiecki
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

The consequences of fasting or overfeeding during 2 days on energy expenditure were investigated by continuously monitoring O2 consumption in unrestrained, unanesthetized rats. O2 consumption decreased by 15% on the 1st day of fasting and then by an additional 15% on the 2nd day. On the 3rd day, when rats were fed again, energy intake increased by 30% above control (prefasting) values, whereas energy expenditure rapidly increased but no more than control values. On the other hand, when ad libitum fed animals were offered a sucrose solution (32%) for 2 days, energy intake increased by 30% and energy expenditure by 9–12%. On the 3rd day, when the rats were fed with their normal diet, energy intake significantly decreased under control (preoverfeeding) values during one day, but energy expenditure rapidly returned to normal values. The results show that fasting decreases, whereas hyperphagia increases 24-h energy expenditure during the treatments. When the treatments are terminated, energy expenditure rapidly returns to normal values, but fasting induces a postfasting increase of energy intake (during 2 days), whereas hyperphagia, on the contrary, results in a transient decrease of appetite. This indicates that alterations of food intake induce compensatory changes of energy expenditure during the treatments, but that after the treatments, energy balance is normalized via regulatory adjustments in the ratio of energy expenditure over energy intake.

scholarly journals The scattering of α-particles by matter

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (565) ◽  
pp. 492-504 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Zinc Sulphide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Narrow Slit ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Metal Foils ◽  
Strong Source ◽  
Α Particles

In a preliminary note (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.’ A, vol. 81, p. 174, 1908) on the above subject, experiments were described which gave direct evidence of the scattering of the α -particles. In those experiments a strong source of α -radiation was placed at one end of a long exhausted tube, and the α -particles, after passing through a narrow slit, fell upon a zinc sulphide screen sealed to the other end of the tube. When the pressure inside the tube was very low, the narrow line of scintillations which marked the place of incidence of the α -particles on the screen was well defined, but when the rays on their way to the screen passed through gas or through thin metal foils the edges of this line of scintillations became indistinct. The amount of scattering could be estimated for different foils by placing them in the path of the rays and noting the distribution of the scintillations on the screen. The present investigation was undertaken with a view to obtain a quantitative measurement of the scattering by determining the most probable angle through which an α -particle of definite range is turned by passing through a given thickness of matter. The following are the chief points investigated:— (1) Determination of the amount of scattering produced in different thicknesses of the same material. (2) Comparison of the amounts of scattering produced in different materials. (3) Relation between the velocity of the α -particles and the amount of their scattering.

Catalytic Steam Gasification of Glucose for Hydrogen Production Using Stable Based Ni on a γ–Alumina Fluidizable Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gibran González Castañeda ◽  
Adriana Sanchez Enríquez ◽  
Ivan Cruz Reyes ◽  
Alan Ruben Calzada Hernández ◽  
Benito Serrano Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Metal Dispersion ◽  
Catalytic Gasification ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Pretreatment

Abstract Six different Ni-based fluidizable catalysts were synthesized using both incipient impregnation and co-impregnation. Ni-based catalysts were also promoted with 2.0 wt% La or alternatively with 2 wt% Ce. The preparation procedure included catalysts treated at high temperatures and under free of oxygen conditions. Catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, AA, PSD, TPR, TPD, H2-chemisorption. TPR and H2 chemisorption showed good metal dispersion with 10 nm- 40 nm metal crystallites. Glucose catalytic gasification runs were performed in a CREC Riser Simulator to evaluate the following catalysts: (a) 5 %Ni/γ-Al2O3, (b) 5 %Ni-2 %La/γ-Al2O3 and (c) 5 %Ni-2 %Ce/γ-Al2O3. In all cases, the preparation steps involved acid solutions with pHs of 1 and 4. In between consecutive runs, different approaches were considered: (a) A catalyst was regenerated by air, (b) A catalyst was regenerated by air followed by hydrogen pretreatment, (c) A catalyst was reused directly without any regeneration or hydrogen pretreatment. It was observed that Ni-based catalysts, which were subjected after every run, to both, air regeneration and hydrogen pretreatment, displayed the best yields in close agreement with thermodynamic equilibrium. On the other hand, Ni-based catalysts regenerated with air only, showed the worst hydrogen yields. In between these two-hydrogen yield limits, where catalysts not contacted with air nor hydrogen, with these yields being moderately below chemical equilibrium. This shows that Ni-based fluidizable catalysts can perform on stream for extended periods, requiring limited reactivation with air and H2. This makes of gasification using the catalysts of the present study, a viable process alternative that could be implemented at industrial scale.

scholarly journals The specific heats of air, steam, and carbon dioxide

1923 ◽  
Vol 103 (720) ◽  
pp. 183-184 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Title I ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Association ◽  
Specific Heats

In a recent number is a criticism under the above title by Sir R. T. Glazebrook, of some figures given by me in a paper with the same title. I am accused of not giving Holborn and Henning's own figures, because I State that part of my curve is filled in from the researches of Swann, and of Holborn and Henning. As Swann and Holborn and Henning are not in agreement, it seems evident that one set figures cannot be used without some adjustment to the other set. These discrepancies were dealt with by the British Association Committee (of which Sir R. T. Glazebrook later became a member) in their 1908 Report, and the figures I give are in fairly close agreement with theirs for the low temperatures. I State in my paper (p. 492) that I find Holborn and Henning about 7½ percent. too low at 800°C. for air and steam, and I assume that the same error applies to the carbon dioxide. (Prof. Callendar suggests their error may be as much as 10 per cent. at 1400°C.) I have, therefore, distributed this error over the range for which I have used Holborn and Henning's figures. On this account it may be anticipated "that the figures at the higher temperatures are higher than the corresponding figures due to Holborn." I believe it is usual, when quoting the results of other workers, to attach their names to the figures quoted; this I have not done.

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