The influence and importance of daily weather conditions in the supply of chloride, sulphate and other ions to fresh waters from atmospheric precipitation

1958 ◽  
Vol 244 (1236) ◽  
pp. 140-140
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The South ◽  
Soil Weathering

This paper deals with chemical analyses for hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, sulphate and nitrate ions in daily precipitation samples collected in the English Lake District, and examines the correlations of these analyses with ( a ) one another, ( b ) the amount of precipitation, ( c ) wind direction, ( d ) wind velocity, and ( e ) temperature. Highly significant correlations are found between estimates for H, K, Ca, NO 3 and SO 4 ions, and atmospheric pollution appears to supply much of the sulphate in Lake District rain, since it comes largely as sulphuric acid from the south-east. The correlation between Na and Cl is also extremely close, with the proportion between the two ions very similar to that in sea water. Since these two ions are supplied mainly from the south-west, in amounts which are greatly increased by high winds, sea spray may be inferred as the principal source. Nevertheless, evidence is presented for some small supply from atmospheric pollution, and it is furthermore suggested that mixed droplets of sea salt and sulphuric acid may, upon abstraction of moisture by freezing or evaporation, release gaseous hydrogen chloride to the air and so alter the balance of Na and Cl in precipitation. The supply of Na and Cl is also considerably higher in cold than in warm weather, a phenomenon possibly connected with stormier conditions and greater evaporation over the Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric contribution of ions to natural waters via precipitation is shown to be of great importance, in particular to bog pools, to upland tarns on hard rocks, and to the soil solution in highly organic mor humus layers overlying heavily leached hillside soils. Sodium and chloride in most surface waters appears to be almost wholly supplied by sea spray, while calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are the main products of soil weathering. A net loss of rain acids is evident in all soil waters, although some may be more acid than normal rain water owing to considerable concentration by evaporation. The soil waters are relatively rich in potassium, presumably supplied from decaying vegetation.

The influence and importance of daily weather conditions in the supply of chloride, sulphate and other ions to fresh waters from atmospheric precipitation

1958 ◽  
Vol 241 (679) ◽  
pp. 147-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The South ◽  
Soil Weathering

This paper deals with chemical analyses for hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, sulphate and nitrate ions in daily precipitation samples collected in the English Lake District, and examines the correlations of these analyses with ( a ) one another, ( b ) the amount of precipitation, ( c ) wind direction, ( d ) wind velocity, and ( e ) temperature. Highly significant correlations are found between estimates for H, K, Ca, NO 3 and SO 4 ions, and atmospheric pollution appears to supply much of the sulphate in Lake District rain, since it comes largely as sulphuric acid from the south-east. The correlation between Na and Cl is also extremely close, with the proportion between the two ions very similar to that in sea water. Since these two ions are supplied mainly from the south-west, in amounts which are greatly increased by high winds, sea spray may be inferred as the principal source. Nevertheless, evidence is presented for some small supply from atmospheric pollution, and it is furthermore suggested that mixed droplets of sea salt and sulphuric acid may, upon abstraction of moisture by freezing or evaporation, release gaseous hydrogen chloride to the air and so alter the balance of Na and Cl in precipitation. The supply of Na and Cl is also considerably higher in cold than in warm weather, a phenomenon possibly connected with stormier conditions and greater evaporation over the Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric contribution of ions to natural waters via precipitation is shown to be of great importance, in particular to bog pools, to upland tarns on hard rocks, and to the soil solution in highly organic mor humus layers overlying heavily leached hillside soils. Sodium and chloride in most surface waters appear to be almost wholly supplied by sea spray, while calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are the main products of soil weathering. A net loss of rain acids is evident in all soil waters, although some may be more acid than normal rain water owing to considerable concentration by evaporation. The soil waters are relatively rich in potassium, presumably supplied from decaying vegetation.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of different types of natural waters in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Khilchevskyi ◽  
S. M. Kurylo ◽  
N. P. Sherstyuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Salinity Regime ◽  
Azov Sea

The results of studies of the chemical composition in various types of natural waters of the territory of Ukraine – atmospheric precipitation, surface (river and lake), groundwaters and sea waters are comprehensively summarized and presented for the territory of Ukraine in this paper. The chemical composition of Ukraine's natural waters (rivers, lakes, underground aquifers, seas) is the result of the interaction of a combination of natural factors, as well as their location, mainly in the temperate climatic zone. The average long–term mineralization of atmospheric precipitation is usually in the range of 20–40 mg/l, its chemical composition is predominantly sulfate magnesium–calcium. For the chemical composition of water in the small and medium rivers of Ukraine, hydrochemical zoning is observed in the direction from the northwest to the south-east of the country. Mineralization of river waters also increases in this direction (from 200–300 mg/l to 1,500–3,000 mg/l and more). The composition of the water varies from bicarbonate calcium in the north and west to sodium chloridein the south and southeast. The value of mineralization of lake water varies within very wide limits. There are lakes with very fresh water and low salinity (30 mg/l – small lakes of glacial origin in the Ukrainian Carpathians), and lakes whose water has a mineralization of more than 100 g/l (salt lakes of the Crimea). In the chemical composition of groundwater, the territory of Ukraine mainly exhibits vertical hydrochemical zoning, which manifests itself in the separation of zones of intensive or difficult water exchange. Hydrocarbonate or sulfate waters with a small mineralization (up to 1.0 g/l) are characteristic for the zone of active water exchange. Highly mineralized (50–300 g/l and more) chloride, sodium and chloride-sodiumcalcium waters are common in a zone of hindered water exchange. The ionic composition of the Black Sea water has all the characteristic features of ocean waters but differs from them in relative poverty with ions of chlorine and sodium, the average salinity of the Black Sea waters is 18–19 ‰. In the narrow coastal zone near the mouths of large rivers (the Danube, the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Dnieper) a decrease in the salinity of the Black Sea waters (up to 5–10 ‰) is observed. The main factors that determine the salinity regime in the Azov Sea (10–13 ‰) are the inflow of saline Black Sea and fresh river (the Don and the Kuban rivers) waters that are mixed in the Azov Sea, as well as the arrival of atmospheric precipitation.

Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864-1934): The Man Who Claimed to be the First to Set Foot on Antarctica

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Branagan
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Pole ◽  
The South ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Continuous Record ◽  
The Face ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Made In

Carsten Borchgrevink continues to be one of the most enigmatic Antarctic explorers. He made two visits to Antarctica, briefly in 1895, and much longer in 1898-1900. Today it is acknowledged that he made significant contributions to Antarctic exploration. He made a claimed first discovery of terrestrial plant life in 1895. He led the first party to winter on Antarctica in 1899 in very difficult weather conditions. His expedition made a year-long continuous record of weather conditions, and glacier movement was briefly measured. Useful zoological data were obtained, but the death of Hanson, the zoologist and loss of some of his records, lessened their possible value. New plants, some insects, and shallow sea-water fauna were discovered. Extensive photographic records were obtained. The 1898-1900 expedition noted the reduction in the seaward extent of the Ross Ice Sheet. It discovered what later became known as the Bay of Whales, and there made the first ascent onto the Ross Sea Barrier, showing that travel inland was feasible in that region, ‘opening the way to the South’. A reasonable estimate of the then position of the South Magnetic Pole was made. In addition Borchgrevink showed the effectiveness of kayaks for local water transport, and dogs with trained dog-handlers for land travel (and companionship). His expedition was underpinned by good planning for housing, equipment (including use of the recently invented Primus Stove), clothing (notably shoes lined with sennegrass) and food. His scientific party was well-chosen for their abilities, but national and social differences played a part in periods of tension with the leader, who was inclined to overestimate his own scientific ability. The achievements of the expedition were given little recognition for most of his life, particularly in Britain, in part because of his initial success, over a period of some years, in gaining financial support for his expedition in the face of strong opposition from ‘official’ British scientific bodies. In addition his rather brash and abrasive personality, some public quarrels and perhaps a rather quirky sense of humour did not make him popular. His achievements have been obscured to some extent by inaccurate and exaggerated criticisms of his activities.

scholarly journals Визначення динаміки погодних умов протягом календарного року в прибережних ділянках акваторії Одеської затоки з метою утримання морських ссавців у відкритих вольєрах

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
T.A. Kobzar ◽  
S.V. Mazovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Marine Animals

The article provides data about the dynamics of weather conditions in the coastal water areas of Odessa Bay by the year. The research was conducted within the framework of the advanced study of research center of the armed forces of Ukraine «State Oceanarium» with the aim of determining the optimal location of open enclosures for marine mammals in coastal waters. In accordance with the requirements of operating leading documents, on maintenance marine mammals in the conditions of captivity, the open constructions of cages must take place in the clean natural waters, assuredly protected from storms, surf wave and influence of anthropogenic pollution. Undertaken studies the official figures given by the Hydrometeorological center of the Black and Azov seas (the State service of Ukraine for emergency situations) on the dynamics of air temperature and sea water, changes in weather conditions in coastal areas of the water area of Odessa Bay in recent years. In times of researches, in this district there were maximal increases of air temperature to 38.1 °C and sea water to 28.6 °C in summer, which exceeds possible norms for maintenance of dolphins in the conditions of open water areas. The largest decrease in air temperature in winter was recorded in January and February. Accordingly, the temperature of sea water went down and noted the appearance of floating ice shape. This fact is also very unfavorable, on condition of maintenance of marine mammals in the open waters in winter. This fact is also very unfavorable, under condition of marine mammals in the open waters in winter. Constructing open-air cages for marine animals must necessarily include a measure of the maximal strength of the wind and the main directions on the investigated areas. According to the obtained data, there is only seasonal maintenance of marine animals in open-air cages can be applied in the district of waters of the Odessa Bay. The alternative decision of this question can be the combined type of maintenance: moving of marine animals in the apartment of the covered pool with the natural cleared sea water, at the considerable decline of temperature of air and the formation of ice in winter or at disparity of sea water to the main sanitary and epidemiological requirements.

DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED METHANE IN SURFACE COASTAL WATERS OF THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
Alexander Izhitskiy ◽  
Alexander Izhitskiy ◽  
Alexander Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Dissolved Methane ◽  
Continental Runoff

Studying of methane formation and distribution in natural waters is important for understanding of biogeochemical processes of carbon cycle, searching for oil and gas sections and evaluation of CH4 emissions for investigations of greenhouse effect. The Black Sea is the largest methane water body on our planet. However, relatively low values of methane concentration (closed to equilibrium with the atmospheric air) are typical of the upper aerobic layer. At the same time, the distribution pattern of CH4 in surface waters of coastal areas is complicated by the influence of coastal biological productivity, continental runoff, bottom sources, hydrodynamic processes and anthropogenic effect. The investigation is focused on the spatial variability of dissolved methane in the surface layer of the sea in coastal regions affected by the continental runoff and anthropogenic pressure. Unique in situ data on methane concentrations were collected along the ship track on 2 sections between Sochi and Gelendzhik (2013, 2014) and 2 sections between Gelendzhik and Feodosia (2015). Overall 170 samples were obtained. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the samples revealed increase of CH4 saturation in the southeastern part of the Crimean shelf and the Kerch Strait area. Such a pattern was apparently caused by the influence of the Azov Sea water spread westward along the Crimean shore from the strait. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project 14-50-00095 and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project 16-35-00156 mol_a.

Comparative Characteristics of Assessment Methods for Arachis Hypogaea Collection Samples

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-95
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
The South ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Number Of Branches

Peanuts are plants of the tropical zone, therefore, for its growth and development, high temperature indicators are needed during a fairly long growing season. The climatic parameters of the south of Ukraine correspond to the needs of this culture, and today there is positive experience in growing peanuts in this region. In order to increase the efficiency of growing peanuts in the conditions of the Steppe zone, it is necessary to carry out genetic selection work to study and select a more adapted source material in order to create highly productive Ukrainian varieties adapted to the arid zone conditions. At the initial stage of this work, it is necessary to have clear signs and characteristics for evaluating the studied genotypes, and the existing methods for describing the characters and conducting an examination for distinctness, uniformity, and stability are incomplete and do not meet the requirements for in-depth work on private genetics and culture breeding. For our work, we used 18 peanut genotypes as a material, which make up the collection of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAASU. Studies were carried out in 2018 and 2019, in different weather conditions. All measurements, observations and statistical processing in the study of samples were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. When conducting a comparative analysis of the two methods for describing the signs of underground peanuts, it was found that one of the methods contains 23 signs and the other 17. The signs of the vegetative part of plants that characterize the habit and structure of the leaf predominate in both methods. We have identified and proposed for description 9 new characters in peanut plants: 2 - leaf characters (additional leaves and pubescence); 1 - the structure of beans (weight 100 beans); 1 - an economically valuable trait (the presence of nodules on the roots); 5 - flower features (size and color of the flower and border). In terms of plant habitat, Ukrainian Stepnyak and Krasnodar 13 varieties were distinguished, which had the highest height (43.8 cm) and the largest number of branches (9.3 pcs.). In addition to morphological identification features for the description and examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability, we have also studied the quantitative characteristics of underground peanuts. It was established that the height of peanut plants in the field conditions of the south of Ukraine ranged from 14 to 44 cm. The highest variety was the Ukrainian Stepnyak variety, and the shortest one was Pink large. The largest number of branches is 9.3 pcs. noted in the variety Krasnodar 13, and the smallest 4.62 pcs. - at L3. And the largest flower of 1.91 cm stood out White-pink 3. The quantitative traits we studied are characterized by continuous variability, which is due to the interaction between genes and the environment. Thus, to identify varietal variability in underground peanuts, it is necessary to use both existing methods, and in the near future, work should be done to combine them with the inclusion of new identified characters to more clearly identify the genotypes of this new valuable oilseed crop.

DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED METHANE IN SURFACE COASTAL WATERS OF THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
Alexander Izhitskiy ◽  
Alexander Izhitskiy ◽  
Alexander Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Dissolved Methane ◽  
Continental Runoff

Studying of methane formation and distribution in natural waters is important for understanding of biogeochemical processes of carbon cycle, searching for oil and gas sections and evaluation of CH4 emissions for investigations of greenhouse effect. The Black Sea is the largest methane water body on our planet. However, relatively low values of methane concentration (closed to equilibrium with the atmospheric air) are typical of the upper aerobic layer. At the same time, the distribution pattern of CH4 in surface waters of coastal areas is complicated by the influence of coastal biological productivity, continental runoff, bottom sources, hydrodynamic processes and anthropogenic effect. The investigation is focused on the spatial variability of dissolved methane in the surface layer of the sea in coastal regions affected by the continental runoff and anthropogenic pressure. Unique in situ data on methane concentrations were collected along the ship track on 2 sections between Sochi and Gelendzhik (2013, 2014) and 2 sections between Gelendzhik and Feodosia (2015). Overall 170 samples were obtained. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the samples revealed increase of CH4 saturation in the southeastern part of the Crimean shelf and the Kerch Strait area. Such a pattern was apparently caused by the influence of the Azov Sea water spread westward along the Crimean shore from the strait. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project 14-50-00095 and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project 16-35-00156 mol_a.

Examination for Degradation Paths of Butyltin Compounds in Natural Waters

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Watanabe ◽  
S. Sakai ◽  
H. Takatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Clean Area ◽  
Butyltin Compounds ◽  
Sun Light

Examination of individual degradation paths (biodegradation and photolysis) of butyltin compounds (especially tributyltin: TBT) in natural waters was performed. Biodegradation of TBT and dibutyltin (DBT) in an unfiltered sea water in summer is rather fast; their half life is about a week. But pretreatment with glass fiber filter makes the half life of TBT much longer (about 80 days). Photolysis of TBT in sea water by sun light is rapid (half life is about 0.5 days), and faster than in distilled water or in fresh water. Degradation rates of each process for TBT are calculated in various conditions of sea water, and contribution rates are compared. Biodegradation will be the main degradation process in an “SS-rich” area such as a marina, but photolysis will exceed that in a “clean” area. Over all half lives of TBT in sea water vary from 6 days to 127 days considering seasons and presence of SS.

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