Matrix cracking and the mechanical behaviour of SiC─CAS composites

1992 ◽  
Vol 437 (1899) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Matrix Cracks ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
The Matrix

An experimental investigation has been carried out on the mechanical properties of unidirectional (0) 12 , (0, 90) 3S , (±45, 0 2 ) S , and (±45) 3S composites consisting of CAS glass ceramic reinforced with Nicalon SiC fibres. Measurements have been made of the elastic properties and of the tensile, compression and shear strengths of the composites, and these have been supported by a detailed study of the damage which occurs during monotonic and repeated loading. These damage studies have been carried out by means of edge replication microscopy and acoustic emission monitoring. The elastic properties of the composites are, by and large, close to the values that would be predicted from the constituent properties and lay-up sequences, but their strengths are lower than expected, and it appears that the Nicalon reinforcing fibre has been seriously degraded during manufacture. The fracture energy is much higher than predicted from observations of fibre pull-out, and it is suggested that the energy required to form a close three-dimensional network of matrix cracks could account for the high apparent toughness. The matrix cracking stress can be predicted reasonably closely by the Aveston, Cooper and Kelly model of cracking in brittle matrix composites, but it is shown that subcritical microcracks can form and/or grow at stresses well below the predicted critical values without affecting composite properties.

Stochastic Aspects of Matrix Cracking in Brittle Matrix Composites

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Spearing ◽  
F. W. Zok
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Brittle Matrix ◽  
Tensile Response ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
Crack Interactions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Interface Slip ◽  
Bridging Fibers

A computer simulation of multiple cracking in fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites has been conducted, with emphasis on the role of the matrix flaw distribution. The simulations incorporate the effect of bridging fibers on the stress required for cracking. Both short and long (steady-state) flaws are considered. Furthermore, the effects of crack interactions (through the overlap of interface slip lengths) are incorporated. The influence of the crack distribution on the tensile response of such composites is also examined.

Interfacial phenomena in the fracture resistance of interfaces

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 720-721
Author(s):  
A. G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Friction Stress ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Fiber Failure ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
The Matrix

In composite systems, the mechanical response of interfaces to the approach of cracks that initially form either in the matrix or in the fiber dominates the mechanical performance. In particular, in brittle matrix composites, the interface must have a sufficiently low fracture resistance compared with that of both the fiber and matrix that the crack diverts into the interface and debonds the fiber, Thereafter, the debonded fiber must be able to slide against the matrix with a low friction stress in order to inhibit fiber failure and thus enhance pull-out. These processes are schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. Mechanics investigations have established requirements concerning debonding and sliding that must be satisfied in order to achieve good composite properties. At the simplest level, these studies reveal that the fracture energy of the interface should be less than about one-third that of either the fiber or the matrix.

Improving Fracture Toughness of Brittle Matrix Composites Using End-Shaped Ductile Fibers: The Effects of Adhesion and Matrix Shrinkage

Materials ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Wetherhold ◽  
Renee M. Bagwell
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Release Agent ◽  
Brittle Matrix ◽  
Matrix Shrinkage ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
The Matrix

Ductile fibers are added to brittle matrix composites to increase the fracture toughness. To further improve fracture toughness, end shaped ductile fibers are added to act as anchors to utilize more of the fibers’ plasticity. Previous research focused on optimizing the volume of the shaped end for a given end shape family. Results indicate that for a given end shape family there is an optimum volume; above or below this volume results in a lower fracture toughness contribution. This research investigates two additional factors, adhesion of the matrix to the fiber and matrix shrinkage, and determines their effects on the fracture toughening of brittle matrix composites. The fiber was an annealed copper and the matrices used were a low shrinkage epoxy, a high shrinkage epoxy, and polyester. Results indicate that controlling the surface chemistry of the fiber can give an additional degree of freedom to the utilization of the fiber plasticity, although the importance of this control depends on the particular system. The fiber surface chemistry affects the bond strength and the adhesion; if the fiber cannot debond from the matrix, then shaping the end does not permit use of the plastic potential. Depending on the system, the adhesion and bond strength of the matrix to the fiber significantly affects the amount of fiber plasticity utilized. To determine the effects of friction and matrix shrinkage on the utilization of the fiber plasticity, release agent was applied to the end shaped fibers to reduce the adhesion, bond strength, and friction during pull out. Results indicate that frictional work and adhesion has a large impact on the utilization of the fiber plasticity; with release agent, the end shaped fiber utilizes little of the fiber plasticity. Furthermore, this indicates that for the matrices investigated, matrix shrinkage has a minor influence on the utilization of the fiber plasticity.

scholarly journals Fatigue Damage in Cross-Ply Titanium Metal Matrix Composites Containing Center Holes

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bakuckas ◽  
W. S. Johnson ◽  
C. A. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Damage Initiation ◽  
Matrix Cracks ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Notched Strength

The development of fatigue damage in four [0/90]s SCS-6/Ti-15-3 laminates containing center holes was investigated. A methodology to predict damage initiation based on an effective strain parameter was used to determine the stress levels and the number of cycles required for matrix crack initiation. Damage progression was monitored at various stages of fatigue loading. In general, a saturated state of damage consisting of matrix cracks and fiber-matrix debonding was obtained which reduced the composite modulus. Matrix cracks were bridged by the 0° fibers. The fatigue limit (stress causing catastrophic fracture of the laminates) was also determined. The static and post-fatigue residual strengths were accurately predicted using a three dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis. The matrix damage that occurred during fatigue loading significantly reduced the notched strength.

Mechanics of matrix cracking in brittle-matrix fibre-reinforced composites

1987 ◽  
Vol 409 (1837) ◽  
pp. 329-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Crack Problem ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Entire Cross Section ◽  
Brittle Matrix ◽  
Matrix Cracks ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cracking Stress

Energy-balance calculations for a continuum model of cracking in a uniaxially fibre-reinforced composite having a brittle matrix are presen­ted. It is assumed that the fibres are strong enough to remain intact when the matrix cracks across the entire cross section of the composite. By equating the energy availability for the cracking of continuum and discrete fibre models it is shown how the crack boundary condition relating fibre stress to crack opening must be selected. It is confirmed that the Griffith fracture criterion is valid for matrix cracking in composites. By considering the energy balance of long cracks it is shown that the limiting value of the stress intensity factor is independent of crack length and that it predicts a matrix-cracking strain that is consistent with the known result. An improved numerical method is described for solving a crack problem arising from the study of the cracking of brittle-matrix composites. Numerical results of high accuracy are obtained, which show how the cracking stress is related to the size of a pre-existing defect. Of special significance is the prediction of the correct threshold stress (i.e. matrix­-cracking stress) below which matrix cracking is impossible no matter how large the pre-existing defect.

Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
Longbiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Interface Debonding ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Damage State ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sic Composites

AbstractIn this paper, the temperature-dependent matrix multicracking evolution of carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide ceramic-matrix composites (C/SiC CMCs) is investigated. The temperature-dependent composite microstress field is obtained by combining the shear-lag model and temperature-dependent material properties and damage models. The critical matrix strain energy criterion assumes that the strain energy in the matrix has a critical value. With increasing applied stress, when the matrix strain energy is higher than the critical value, more matrix cracks and interface debonding occur to dissipate the additional energy. Based on the composite damage state, the temperature-dependent matrix strain energy and its critical value are obtained. The relationships among applied stress, matrix cracking state, interface damage state, and environmental temperature are established. The effects of interfacial properties, material properties, and environmental temperature on temperature-dependent matrix multiple fracture evolution of C/SiC composites are analyzed. The experimental evolution of matrix multiple fracture and fraction of the interface debonding of C/SiC composites at elevated temperatures are predicted. When the interface shear stress increases, the debonding resistance at the interface increases, leading to the decrease of the debonding fraction at the interface, and the stress transfer capacity between the fiber and the matrix increases, leading to the higher first matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix cracking stress, and saturation matrix cracking density.

Role of interface properties on the toughness of brittle matrix composites reinforced with ductile fibers

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 3132-3138 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Dève ◽  
S. Schmauder
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Interface Properties ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Interface Sliding ◽  
Brittle Composites

The incorporation of ductile fibers in brittle matrices can lead to a significant increase in fracture resistance. The increase in toughness that derives from crack bridging is governed by the properties of the matrix/fiber interface and the ductility of the fibers. The current study addresses the role of interface sliding stress on the toughness of brittle composites reinforced with ductile fibers. The debond length is explicitly related to the interface sliding stress and the properties of the fiber. It is then incorporated into a geometrical model to simulate the bridging tractions versus crack opening under condition of continuous debonding. The implications on the effect of interfaces on the resistance curve are discussed.

scholarly journals Optically transparent, high-toughness elastomer using a polyrotaxane cross-linker as a molecular pulley

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. eaat7629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Gotoh ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Abu Bin Imran ◽  
Mitsuo Hara ◽  
Takahiro Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Force ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Cyclic Molecules ◽  
Optically Transparent ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Special Challenge

An elastomer is a three-dimensional network with a cross-linked polymer chain that undergoes large deformation with a small external force and returns to its original state when the external force is removed. Because of this hyperelasticity, elastomers are regarded as one of the best candidates for the matrix material of soft robots. However, the comprehensive performance required of matrix materials is a special challenge because improvement of some matrix properties often causes the deterioration of others. For example, an improvement in toughness can be realized by adding a large amount of filler to an elastomer, but to the impairment of optical transparency. Therefore, to produce an elastomer exhibiting optimum properties suitable for the desired purpose, very elaborate, complicated materials are often devised. Here, we have succeeded in creating an optically transparent, easily fabricated elastomer with good extensibility and high toughness by using a polyrotaxane (PR) composed of cyclic molecules and a linear polymer as a cross-linking agent. In general, elastomers having conventional cross-linked structures are susceptible to breakage as a result of loss of extensibility at high cross-linking density. We found that the toughness of the transparent elastomer prepared using the PR cross-linking agent is enhanced along with its Young’s modulus as cross-linking density is increased.

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