scholarly journals The relation between secretory and capillary pressure. I.—The salivary secretion

1912 ◽  
Vol 85 (579) ◽  
pp. 312-319 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Side Hole ◽  
The Right

Since Ludwig made the discovery that the secretory pressure of a gland may double that of the arterial pressure when the outflow of saliva is obstructed, no one, so far as we know, has investigated the circulatory conditions, in the gland under these circumstances. This has been the object of the present research. Our method is as follows:—We place a cannula in the duct of the submaxillary gland of the cat or dog and prepare the chorda tympani nerve for excitation. A second cannula is placed in the carotid artery of the opposite side of the neck. Each cannula is connected, either with a mercurial manometer or, as in our latest experiments, with two Leonard Hill pocket sphygmometer gauges. This gauge consists of a thick-walled glass tube with a fine capillary lumen closed at one end where the lumen expands into a small air chamber. Half an inch from the open end there is a side hole. On placing this end in a solution of potash a fluid meniscus rises to the side hole, which marks the zero of the instrument. (Potash is used to keep the tube free from grease.) One end of a piece of rubber is slipped over the open end of the gauge so as to cover the side hole, and the other end then connected with the cannula. The pressure of the saliva or blood forces the meniscus up the gauge, which is graduated in millimetres of mercury and acts as a spring manometer. We find these gauges very convenient to use as they can be placed side by side and the readings compared at a glance. Before making the connections with the gauges we expose the veins which course over the submaxillary gland and contribute to the formation of the external jugular vein. Having found the vein which issues from the gland we tie all the other veins, leaving this one free so that at the right moment we can clip the external jugular and open it so as to observe the outflow of blood from the gland. When all is thus prepared we excite the chorda tympani nerve. As soon as the secretory pressure rises above the arterial pressure we open the vein and observe the flow of blood. We find that under these conditions the blood continues to flow and issues from the vein in a fairly ample stream of a colour more arterial than venous. The gland itself feels tense to the touch. By squeezing the gland we find that we can further raise the pressure of the secretion, while at the same time we impede the outflow of blood. On allowing the secretory pressure to fall to atmospheric pressure we find that the outflow from the vein becomes much ampler; in one experiment it was approximately doubled, e. g. 40 drops in 15 seconds as compared with 27 drops in 20 seconds at the highest secretory pressure (240 mm. Hg.). In some experiments we observed the venous outflow from the time we began to excite the chorda tympani. Under these circumstances we find that the outflow from the gland at rest is very slow and the blood venous in colour. On stimulating the chorda, the outflow becomes very ample, the blood arterial in colour, and remains so during the rise of secretory pressure until this pressure rises higher than the arterial, when the outflow becomes lessened and the blood less arterial in colour.

Salivary secretion in cat submandibular gland mediated by chorda tympani afferents

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (2) ◽  
pp. R438-R444 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Izumi ◽  
K. Karita
Keyword(s):  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Lingual Nerve ◽  
Prior Treatment ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Autonomic Ganglion ◽  
Blood Flow Increase ◽  
A Site ◽  
Stimulation Of

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the afferent traffic from the tongue mediated only via the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) can still elicit reflex salivary and vasodilator responses in the cat submandibular gland (SMG) after section of the lingual nerve proper (LNP). Electrical stimulation of the chorda lingual nerve (CLN) at a site approximately 5 mm distal to the intersection of the CLN and the SMG duct elicited salivary and vasodilator responses in the SMG in sympathectomized cats. Both responses were unaffected by section of the LNP. The optimal frequency of CLN stimulation for submandibular salivation and vasodilation was 20 Hz, regardless of whether the LNP had been cut. Prior treatment with the autonomic ganglion blocker hexamethonium (10 mg/kg iv) virtually abolished the salivation and the blood flow increase in SMG. Prior treatment with scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg iv) almost abolished the salivary secretions but had no effect on the vasodilator responses in the SMG elicited by CLN stimulation after LNP section. The mechanism underlying the reflex submandibular salivation mediated by chorda tympani afferents appears to involve parasympathetic muscarinic receptors, but the mechanism for the vasodilator response has yet to be established. These results indicate that afferent traffic passing through the CTN on CLN stimulation is importantly involved in the parasympathetic reflex secretory and vasodilator responses in the cat SMG.

Chorda tympani section decreases the cation specificity of depletion-induced sodium appetite in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (2) ◽  
pp. R319-R323 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Breslin ◽  
A. C. Spector ◽  
H. J. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Lick Rate ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Diuretic Treatment ◽  
Sodium Appetite ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chloride Salts

Rats depleted of sodium by diuretic treatment were tested for their ability to respond selectively to NaCl after chorda tympani nerve (CTn) section (CTX). A variety of chloride salts (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2) at two concentrations (0.05 and 0.3 M) were presented semirandomly to sodium-deplete rats in repeated single-stimulus trials (10 s). The responses of sodium-depleted surgical control rats (n = 8) were highly cation specific. These rats licked substantially more for both sodium stimuli than for any other chloride salt. On the other hand, the licking responses of CTX sodium-depleted rats (n = 8) were less cation selective. These rats licked NaCl and 0.05 M KCl at comparable rates. For both NaCl concentrations, CTX rats had significantly lower lick rates than controls. In addition, the difference between the lick rate for NaCl and that for the other salts was much greater for control rats than for CTX rats. Although CTn section did not entirely eliminate the high levels of responsivity to NaCl observed in the intact sodium-depleted rat, it did substantially compromise the selectivity of the behavior, which suggests that the input of the CTn is critical for taste-guided sodium specific behaviors.

Sweet Taste Responses of Mouse Chorda Tympani Neurons: Existence of Gurmarin-Sensitive and -Insensitive Receptor Components

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 3087-3091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzo Ninomiya ◽  
Toshiaki Imoto ◽  
Tadataka Sugimura
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Taste ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Single Fibers ◽  
Taste Cells ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Mouse Taste

Sweet taste responses of mouse chorda tympani neurons: existence of gurmarin-sensitive and -insensitive receptor components. Inhibitory effects of gurmarin (gur) on responses to sucrose and other sweeteners of single fibers of the chorda tympani nerve in C57BL mice were examined. Of 30 single fibers that strongly responded to 0.5 M sucrose but were not or to lesser extent responsive to 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M HCl, and 0.02 M quinine HCl (sucrose-best fibers), 16 fibers showed large suppression of responses to sucrose and other sweeteners by lingual treatment with 4.8 μM (∼20 μg/ml) gur (suppressed to 4–52% of control: gur-sensitive fibers), whereas the remaining 14 fibers showed no such gur inhibition (77–106% of control: gur-insensitive fibers). In gur-sensitive fibers, responses to sucrose inhibited by gur recovered to ∼70% of control responses after rinsing the tongue with 15 mM β-cyclodextrin and were almost abolished by further treatment with 2% pronase. In gur-insensitive fibers, sucrose responses were not inhibited by gur, but were largely suppressed by pronase. These results suggest existence of two different receptor components for sweeteners with different susceptibilities to gur in mouse taste cells, one gur sensitive and the other gur insensitive. Taste cells possessing each component may be specifically innervated by a particular type of chorda tympani neurons.

Enhanced membrane turnover in response to stimuli in the primate taste bud

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
Albert I. Farbman ◽  
Göran Hellekant
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Membrane Turnover ◽  
Fungiform Papilla ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Receptor Complexes

The presence of membrane-enclosed vesicles, 50-100 nm in diameter (cf. Fig. 1), has been observed in the taste pores of rats, mice, and rabbits, although little attention has been devoted to their importance. Murray has noted that fungiform papilla taste pores contained more vesicles than foliate papilla pores. In a recent paper we showed that thaumatin, an intensely sweet, basic protein (pl = 12), binds to the vesicles and to microvilli in taste pores. We suggested that the vesicles were shed from the microvilli as a kind of apocrine secretion, and proposed that the shedding of these vesicles may be an important means by which taste bud cells rid themselves of certain stimulus/receptor complexes, particularly when the stimulus is a large and/or highly charged molecule, such as thaumatin. To investigate this hypothesis further, we used electron microscopy to examine taste pores of both vallate and foliate papillae from Rhesus monkeys, before and after stimulation with thaumatin. We also recorded neural activity from the glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani nerves during stimulation with thaumatin and other tastants.Rhesus monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine and given glycopyrrolate to inhibit salivary secretion. Tongues were thoroughly rinsed and the region of the foliate or vallate papilla treated with thaumatin (33 mg/1) or sucrose (0.3M) for 5-10 min. After a brief rinse, papillae were removed surgically. Control papillae were biopsied with no stimulation. Specimens were fixed for 2 h in: 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, rinsed and post-fixed in phosphate-buffered 1% OsO4,dehydrated in ethanols, and embedded in Epon-Araldite. Thin sections were examined in a JEOL-100 CX electron microscope with particular attention to the contents of the taste pores. For neurophysiology, the glossopharyngeal or chorda tympani nerve was exposed, in anesthetized monkeys, by dissection, and electrodes were placed on the nerve. Impulse activity was recorded with a PAR 113 amplifier, monitored over a loudspeaker and an oscilloscope, and fed into a recorder together with the output from an integrator which indicated the type and time of stimulation. The tongue was stimulated with a system that delivers solutions at programmed intervals under conditions of constant flow and temperature. Each stimulation lasted 10 sec, followed by a 30 or 50 sec rinse before the next stimulus. Stimuli were 0.02M citric acid, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.3M sucrose and 33 mg/l thaumatin.

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INSECTICIDE DIELDRIN

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Gowdey ◽  
A. R. Graham ◽  
J. J. Seguin ◽  
G. W. Stavraky
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Reflex Excitability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effects of dieldrin (hexachloro-epoxy-octahydro-dimethanonaphthalene) were studied in acute experiments on cats and rabbits. When injected intravenously or intra-arterially, it caused excitation of the central nervous system, which resulted in increased reflex excitability, convulsions, bradycardia, and some vasodepression. Dieldrin potentiated the effects of acetylcholine on the central nervous system and on the circulatory system as well as on intestinal motility. These latter manifestations were abolished by section of the vagus nerves, indicating a central action. Dieldrin had no effect on salivary secretion produced either by stimulation of the chorda tympani or by injections of acetylcholine in the decentralized submaxillary gland. Thus, although dieldrin has a marked parasympathomimetic action, this effect is exerted through stimulation of central mechanisms and not peripherally.

Schwannoma of the chorda tympani nerve

2000 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Browning ◽  
J. J. Phillipps ◽  
N. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Benign Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Auditory Function ◽  
Conductive Deafness ◽  
First Case ◽  
Rare Benign Tumour

We report a case of schwannoma of the chorda tympani. This is a very rare benign tumour and only five other cases have been found in the literature. This is the first case to mimic a cholesteatoma presenting as a pearly tumour in the postero-superior segment of the drum with aural discharge and conductive deafness. Diagnosis is usually by biopsy and treatment is surgical with preservation of facial and auditory function. A summary of the other presentations of this tumour together with a review of the histopathology of the disease is presented.

Thermal indicator sampling and injection sites for cardiac output

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakil Mohammed ◽  
Charles J. Imig ◽  
Elisha J. Greenfield ◽  
John W. Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Right Atrium ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Thermal Indicator ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dilution Curves

The effects of indicator sampling and injection sites on estimation of cardiac output by the thermal dilution method were investigated in dogs. Dilution curves were recorded simultaneously with thermistors in the aortic arch and carotid or femoral artery after injection of indicator into the right atrium. The outputs calculated from carotid and femoral curves were higher than those from aortic curves. Nevertheless, the carotid and femoral arteries were considered satisfactory sampling sites because it was possible to predict aortic values from peripheral curves with a small range of error. The effect of indicator injection sites was studied by comparing outputs calculated from aortic curves after alternate injections into the right atrium and external jugular vein. The outputs calculated after jugular injections were higher. The external jugular vein was considered to be a less desirable injection site because the correlation between aortic values obtained after injections into the two sites was relatively low, and the predictability of one value from the other was not good. Submitted on January 14, 1963

Interaction between neural and nonneural mechanisms controlling renin secretion rate

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (5) ◽  
pp. F620-F626 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. C. Kopp ◽  
G. F. DiBona
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
The Right

The interaction between the neural and nonneural mechanisms in the control of renin secretion rate was studied in anesthetized vagotomized dogs at renal arterial pressures of 170, 130, 90, and 50 mmHg. Left renal nerves were stimulated (RNS) at either 0.075, 0.3, or 0.7 Hz and the right kidney was denervated. At spontaneous renal arterial pressure RNS at 0.075, 0.3, and 0.7 Hz decreased renal blood flow 0, 1 +/- 0, and 2 +/- 1%, respectively, and urinary sodium excretion 0, 2 +/- 1, and 22 +/- 3%, respectively. RNS at 0.075 Hz augmented renin secretion rate at 50 mmHg by 1,806 +/- 505 ng/min; there was no augmentation at 90, 130, and 170 mmHg. RNS at 0.3 Hz augmented renin secretion rate at 50 and 90 mmHg by 2,635 +/- 824 and 1,197 +/- 289 ng/min, respectively; there was no augmentation at 130 and 170 mmHg. RNS at 0.7 Hz augmented renin secretion rate at 50, 90, and 130 mmHg by 1,421 +/- 287, 747 +/- 172, and 273 +/- 163 ng/min, respectively; there was no augmentation at 170 mmHg. RNS at 0.075 Hz to one kidney and 0.7 Hz to the other kidney in the same dog demonstrated that the renin secretion rate was greater with RNS at 0.7 Hz than with 0.075 Hz at 50 and 90 mmHg but not at 130 and 170 mmHg. We conclude that the nonneural and neural mechanisms interact in the control of renin secretion rate. The degree of interaction depends on the level of renal arterial pressure and the intensity of RNS.

S213 – Gustatory Alterations in Patients with Chronic Otitis Media

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P147-P147
Author(s):  
Felippe Felix ◽  
Reis Jamerson ◽  
Gustavo A. Porto Sereno Cabral ◽  
Carleti Guilherme ◽  
Fernando Souza De Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Affected Side ◽  
Prior Surgery ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Free

Objectives 1) To identify gustatory alterations due to chorda tympani nerve involvement in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) without prior surgery, and 2) To see if the presence of cholesteatoma worsened gustatory sensitivity in these patients. Methods Study Design: prospective study. The test was performed in patients with unilateral cholesteatomatous or suppurated COM not previously submitted to otological surgery. The test was based on “taste strips” with different concentrations of salt, sweet, bitter, and sour, using the otological disease-free side as the control. The score could be between 0 (worst) and 16 (best). All the other data were collected by interview and physical exam and analysed by Poisson Regression. Results A total of 45 patients with COM were evaluated, including 25 with cholesteatoma and 20 with non-cholesteatomatous COM, with a mean age of 38 years. 8 cases of unilateral ageusia were found on the affected side. The mean score was 6.65 for the affected side and 9.91 for the half of the tongue on the side of the healthy ear (p<0,05). No patients had complained of gustatory alterations before the examination. There was an association between presence of cholesteatoma and worse gustatory sensitivity (p<0.05). Conclusions Patients with cholesteatomatous or suppurated COM can present gustatory alterations, even in the absence of complaints. The presence of cholesteatoma worsened gustatory sensitivity.

scholarly journals The secretion of protein material in the parasympathetic submaxillary saliva

1938 ◽  
Vol 125 (840) ◽  
pp. 335-347 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Chemical Procedure ◽  
Tissue Fluids ◽  
Digestive Glands ◽  
Stimulation Of

This paper deals with a study of the secretion of protein material by the submaxillary gland of the cat in response to electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. In the attempt to make a more generous use of certain advantages offered by physical methods in research on the digestive glands, the submaxillary gland was chosen for the initial investigation because of the relative ease of physiological experimentation. The study is characterized by (1) the use of quantitative spectroscopic methods of analysis which permit an extension in the range of the investigation over that possible with a purely chemical procedure, and (2) the application of mathematical analysis in the interpretation of the results. The work of previous investigators (Heidenhain 1868, 1878, 1883; Werther 1886; Langley and Fletcher 1890; Gregerson and Ingalls 1931) has shown that with increasing intensity of the stimulus the para­-sympathetic submaxillary saliva becomes more concentrated in (1) inorganic salts which are presumably derived from the tissue fluids and ultimately from the blood, and (2) organic material, provided that the stores in the gland are not too much depleted by previous stimulation. The con­centration changes in the former group of substances are presumably connected with phenomena occurring at the glandular membranes; those in the latter group obviously cannot be accounted for by a simple washing out of stored material from the gland, but must result from the operation of a more complicated secretion mechanism. In the attempt to gain a better understanding of the fundamental nature of the secretion processes, we have determined spectroscopically the relative concentrations of protein material, and the Na and K concentrations in samples of saliva obtained in response to various intensities of stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve. Many of the samples were also analysed chemically for protein and non-protein nitrogen, chlorides, and acid-combining power. These sub­stances, along with water, are the main constituents of the submaxillary saliva as obtained in our experiments. A long series of relatively small samples of secretion was taken from each animal; this feature of the experimental technique is considered to be important, viz. under such conditions one may best determine the changes in composition resulting from the variation of one factor only—the intensity of the stimulus—since changes in other factors which are not directly controlled are small from sample to sample.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document