scholarly journals Social learning strategies and predation risk: minnows copy only when using private information would be costly

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1653) ◽  
pp. 2869-2876 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M Webster ◽  
K.N Laland
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Costly Information ◽  
Information Hypothesis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Learning From Others ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

Animals can acquire information from the environment privately, by sampling it directly, or socially, through learning from others. Generally, private information is more accurate, but expensive to acquire, while social information is cheaper but less reliable. Accordingly, the ‘costly information hypothesis’ predicts that individuals will use private information when the costs associated with doing so are low, but that they should increasingly use social information as the costs of using private information rise. While consistent with considerable data, this theory has yet to be directly tested in a satisfactory manner. We tested this hypothesis by giving minnows ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) a choice between socially demonstrated and non-demonstrated prey patches under conditions of low, indirect and high simulated predation risk. Subjects had no experience (experiment 1) or prior private information that conflicted with the social information provided by the demonstrators (experiment 2). In both experiments, subjects spent more time in the demonstrated patch than in the non-demonstrated patch, and in experiment 1 made fewer switches between patches, when risk was high compared with when it was low. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the costly information hypothesis, and imply that minnows adopt a ‘copy-when-asocial-learning-is-costly’ learning strategy.

scholarly journals Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: Asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Toyokawa ◽  
Yoshimatsu Saito ◽  
Tatsuya Kameda
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Information Use ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

AbstractA number of empirical studies have suggested that individual differences in asocial exploration tendencies in animals may be related to those in social information use. However, because the ‘exploration tendency’ in most previous studies has been measured without considering the exploration-exploitation trade-off, it is yet hard to conclude that the animal asocial ‘exploration-exploitation’ tendency may be tied to social information use. Here, we studied human learning behaviour in both asocial and social multi-armed bandit tasks. By fitting reinforcement learning models including asocial and/or social decision processes, we measured each individual’s (1) asocial exploration tendency and (2) social information use. We found consistent individual differences in the exploration tendency in the asocial tasks. We also found substantive heterogeneity in the adopted learning strategies in the social task: One-third of participants were most likely to have used the copy-when-uncertain strategy, while the remaining two-thirds were most likely to have relied only on asocial learning. However, we found no significant individual association between the exploration frequency in the asocial task and the use of the social learning strategy in the social task. Our results suggest that the social learning strategies may be independent from the asocial search strategies in humans.

Enhancing the Social Interaction Skills of Preschoolers with Visual Impairments

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tana D'Allura
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Longitudinal Observational Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Interaction Skills ◽  
Children With Visual Impairments

This longitudinal, observational study of 13 children in a preschool for children with visual impairments examined the effects of reverse mainstreaming, in combination with the cooperative learning strategy, on the social interaction patterns of preschoolers with and without visual impairments. It found that the type of environment provided and the learning strategies used affect both whether and how children relate to their environment.

Strong conformity requires a greater proportion of asocial learning and achieves lower fitness than a payoff-based equivalent

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Matt Grove
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

There is a growing interest in the relative benefits of the different social learning strategies used to transmit information between conspecifics and in the extent to which they require input from asocial learning. Two strategies in particular, conformist and payoff-based social learning, have been subject to considerable theoretical analysis, yet previous models have tended to examine their efficacy in relation to specific parameters or circumstances. This study employs individual-based simulations to derive the optimal proportion of individual learning that coexists with conformist and payoff-based strategies in populations experiencing wide-ranging variation in levels of environmental change, reproductive turnover, learning error and individual learning costs. Results demonstrate that conformity coexists with a greater proportion of asocial learning under all parameter combinations, and that payoff-based social learning is more adaptive in 97.43% of such combinations. These results are discussed in relation to the conjecture that the most successful social learning strategy will be the one that can persist with the lowest frequency of asocial learning, and the possibility that punishment of non-conformists may be required for conformity to confer adaptive benefits over payoff-based strategies in temporally heterogeneous environments.

scholarly journals Social learning strategies regulate the wisdom and madness of interactive crowds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Toyokawa ◽  
Andrew Whalen ◽  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Collective Wisdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Task Uncertainty ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

AbstractWhy groups of individuals sometimes exhibit collective ‘wisdom’ and other times maladaptive ‘herding’ is an enduring conundrum. Here we show that this apparent conflict is regulated by the social learning strategies deployed. We examined the patterns of human social learning through an interactive online experiment with 699 participants, varying both task uncertainty and group size, then used hierarchical Bayesian model-ftting to identify the individual learning strategies exhibited by participants. Challenging tasks elicit greater conformity amongst individuals, with rates of copying increasing with group size, leading to high probabilities of herding amongst large groups confronted with uncertainty. Conversely, the reduced social learning of small groups, and the greater probability that social information would be accurate for less-challenging tasks, generated ‘wisdom of the crowd’ effects in other circumstances. Our model-based approach provides evidence that the likelihood of collective intelligence versus herding can be predicted, resolving a longstanding puzzle in the literature.

scholarly journals When to approach novel prey cues? Social learning strategies in frog-eating bats

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1772) ◽  
pp. 20132330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Jones ◽  
Michael J. Ryan ◽  
Victoria Flores ◽  
Rachel A. Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trachops Cirrhosus ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

Animals can use different sources of information when making decisions. Foraging animals often have access to both self-acquired and socially acquired information about prey. The fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus , hunts frogs by approaching the calls that frogs produce to attract mates. We examined how the reliability of self-acquired prey cues affects social learning of novel prey cues. We trained bats to associate an artificial acoustic cue (mobile phone ringtone) with food rewards. Bats were assigned to treatments in which the trained cue was either an unreliable indicator of reward (rewarded 50% of the presentations) or a reliable indicator (rewarded 100% of the presentations), and they were exposed to a conspecific tutor foraging on a reliable (rewarded 100%) novel cue or to the novel cue with no tutor. Bats whose trained cue was unreliable and who had a tutor were significantly more likely to preferentially approach the novel cue when compared with bats whose trained cue was reliable, and to bats that had no tutor. Reliability of self-acquired prey cues therefore affects social learning of novel prey cues by frog-eating bats. Examining when animals use social information to learn about novel prey is key to understanding the social transmission of foraging innovations.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Intelligence and Personality Guide Human Social Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Fay ◽  
Gilles E Gignac ◽  
Bradley Walker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
Cultural Evolutionary ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

Little is known about the extent to which individual differences guide social learning. Here we use individual differences in intelligence and personality, specifically openness to experience, to predict the social learning strategies people use. Participants (N = 220) completed a range of general intelligence tests, a personality questionnaire, and a battery of novel behavioral tasks. In each behavioral task participants were trained on the solution to a problem. They were then informed of an alternative solution to the same problem that varied in terms of its quality, simulating new social information. The extent to which participants switched to a superior solution measured content-biased social learning, and the extent to which they retained the trained solution, when presented with an alternative solution of equal or higher quality, measured egocentric bias. As predicted by cultural evolutionary theory, most participants exhibited content-biased social learning. However, a significant minority (20-40%) exhibited an egocentric bias, preferring to retain the familiar, but often suboptimal, trained solution. Higher general intelligence was associated with general solution switching but was more strongly related to switching to a superior solution. So, higher general intelligence predicted content-biased social learning. By contrast, higher openness to experience, and therefore lower egocentric bias, was uniquely associated with switching to an inferior solution. So, egocentric bias (or lower openness to experience) was adaptive as it inhibited participants from switching to a maladaptive solution. Our findings highlight the importance of individual differences in intelligence and personality to human social learning.

scholarly journals Design and Learning Strategies Applied in Mooc: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babakura Mamman ◽  
Azizah Yusof ◽  
Hassan M M AbuHassna ◽  
Hanan Aly ◽  
Turki Al-Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Self Directed Learning ◽  
Approach To Learning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dominant Design ◽  
Directed Learning

The purpose of the study is to examines the dominant design and learning strategy used by various MOOCs platforms to foster students’ Self Directed Learning. Method used in the study was based on the search of relevant literature through online database such as IEEE Explore, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate. The keywords in the search for the relevant literature include MOOCs and learning strategy, MOOCs and design strategy, MOOCs and Self Directed Learnig. The result of the meta-analysis revealed that the most frequently used learning strtegies by the various MOOCs platforms are the social construcvist and peer-to-peer approach to learning. These two strategies are found to be related to cMOOCs and xMOOCs. Similarly, of all the designs the dominant design strategy use by MOOCs providers is cMOOC and partially the blended or hybrid MOOCs. The study revealed the dominant learning strategies employed by MOOCs platforms. This may help other MOOCs designers to give emphasis to the use of best learning strategies and perhaps improve on the existing ones. The findings may also have implication to students willling to acquire knowledge through MOOCs to choose the appropriate instruction strategy that will Foster SDL.  

scholarly journals STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN SENI TARI PADA ANAK DISABILITAS PADA SANGGAR SEKAR DEWATA DESA SERONGGA KECAMATAN GIANYAR KABUPATEN GIANYAR

WIDYANATYA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-138
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Wahyu Adi Gotama ◽  
Komang Agus Triadi Kiswara
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Disability is an inability of the body to carry out certain activities or activities as normal people in general are caused by a condition of disability in terms of physiological, psychological and structural abnormalities or anatomic functions. Disability was formerly better known by people as people with disabilities. then the Sekar Dewata dance studio in Serongga village, gianyar district took an action to restore the social function of children with disabilities in this study examines three things, namely 1) why an important strategy in dance learning is violated by sekar dewata village, Serongga village, Serongga district, Kab.gianyar2) dance learning strategies for children with disabilities violated by sekar dewata? 3) what are the implications of implementing the senitari learning strategy at Sanggara Sekar Deawata? This study uses qualitative research methods where data collected in the form of words. Theories used in this study are 1) Phenomenology theory 2) Structural functional theory 3) Behaviorism theory. The results of this study are 1) the importance of the role of strategy in learning dance in Sanggar Sekar Dewata are a. Cultural reasons see that dance art is an activity that is very closely related to Balinese life both in social and religious life. B. human social reasons are challenged as social creatures so to restore the social function is needed a plan (strategy) c. economic reasons where the skills possessed by children with disabilities can be an economic bridge. 2 How is the application of dance learning that is divided into several sub. A. the process of introducing various types of dance b. determining the type of dance to be given. C. basic training in a dance. D. dance learning in its entirety. The process is also supported by internal and external factors. 3. The method used is a method. demonstration method, 2. Driil method. 3. Is the method of imitation.

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