scholarly journals Strong influence of regional species pools on continent-wide structuring of local communities

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 266-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Lessard ◽  
Michael K. Borregaard ◽  
James A. Fordyce ◽  
Carsten Rahbek ◽  
Michael D. Weiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Ant Communities ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Structure Of Communities ◽  
Species Pools ◽  
Regional Source ◽  
Regional Species Pool ◽  
Definition Of

There is a long tradition in ecology of evaluating the relative contribution of the regional species pool and local interactions on the structure of local communities. Similarly, a growing number of studies assess the phylogenetic structure of communities, relative to that in the regional species pool, to examine the interplay between broad-scale evolutionary and fine-scale ecological processes. Finally, a renewed interest in the influence of species source pools on communities has shown that the definition of the source pool influences interpretations of patterns of community structure. We use a continent-wide dataset of local ant communities and implement ecologically explicit source pool definitions to examine the relative importance of regional species pools and local interactions for shaping community structure. Then we assess which factors underlie systematic variation in the structure of communities along climatic gradients. We find that the average phylogenetic relatedness of species in ant communities decreases from tropical to temperate regions, but the strength of this relationship depends on the level of ecological realism in the definition of source pools. We conclude that the evolution of climatic niches influences the phylogenetic structure of regional source pools and that the influence of regional source pools on local community structure is strong.

scholarly journals Gamma diversity and under-sampling together generate patterns in beta-diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddha Marathe ◽  
Dharma Rajan Priyadarsanan ◽  
Jagdish Krishnaswamy ◽  
Kartik Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Ant Communities ◽  
Species Pools ◽  
Local Abundance ◽  
Regional Species Pool ◽  
Under Sampling

AbstractBeta diversity represents how species in the regional pool segregate among local communities and hence forms a link between local and regional species diversities. Therefore, the magnitude of beta diversity and its variation across geographic gradients can provide insights into mechanisms of community assembly. Along with limits on local or regional level diversities, effects of local abundance that lead to under-sampling of the regional species pool are important determinants of estimated beta diversity. We explore the effects of regional species pools, abundance distributions, and local abundance to show that patterns in beta diversity as well as the mean of species abundance distribution have distinct outcomes, depending on limits on species pools and under-sampling. We highlight the effect of under-sampling in some established relationships between gamma diversity and beta diversity using graphical methods. We then use empirical data on ant communities across an elevational gradient in the Eastern Himalayas to demonstrate a shift from effect of reduction in species pool to under-sampling at mid-elevations. Our results show that multiple processes with contrasting effects simultaneously affect patterns in beta diversity across geographic gradients.

scholarly journals Greater local diversity under older species pools may arise from enhanced competitive equivalence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Leopold ◽  
Tadashi Fukami
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Species Pools ◽  
Regional Species Pool ◽  
Local Species

AbstractLocal ecological communities tend to contain more species when they are located within a geologically older region, a pattern that has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of species in the regional species pool. In this explanation, local species interactions are assumed to play a minor role in the formation of the regional species pool, which is instead thought to be driven by speciation and dispersal occurring across larger areas. Here, we provide evidence suggesting a more important role of local species interactions than generally assumed. In an experiment in which we assembled 320 local communities of root-associated fungi under 80 species pools, we varied the species richness of the experimental species pools and the mean age of the sites from which we collected the fungal species across a 4-myr soil chronosequence in Hawaii. We found that realized local species diversity in the assembled communities increased more extensively with increasing species-pool richness when species were from older sites. We also found that older species pools had lower functional and phylogenetic diversity, indicating that the evolution of greater competitive equivalence among potential colonists enabled higher local diversity under older species pools. Our results suggest that the tendency of older regions to have higher local richness arises not simply because older species pools are more speciose, but also because the constituent species have evolved traits that allow them to co-occur more readily in local communities.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic structure of local communities predicts the size of the regional species pool

2008 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pille Gerhold ◽  
Meelis Pärtel ◽  
Jaan Liira ◽  
Kristjan Zobel ◽  
Andreas Prinzing
Keyword(s):  
Local Communities ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Regional Species Pool

The Deep Past Controls the Phylogenetic Structure of Present, Local Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pille Gerhold ◽  
Marcos B. Carlucci ◽  
Şerban Procheş ◽  
Andreas Prinzing
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Species Pools ◽  
Coexisting Species

Coexisting species may be evolutionarily proximate or distant, resulting in phylogenetically poor or rich communities. This variation is often considered to result from present assembly processes. We argue that, under certain conditions, deep-past processes might control the phylogenetic diversity of communities. First, deep-past effects involve macroevolutionary processes, such as diversification rate, niche conservatism, or dispersal, in the lineages that constitute communities. Second, deep-past processes in the respective region or in the habitat type play a role, for instance, through age, area, stability, or connectivity. Third, the deep past may affect communities via trophic interactions (i.e., communities of enemies or mutualists or communities of hosts). We suggest that deep-past effects can be identified in local communities by measuring phylogenetic diversity in different species pools. We also show how community phylogenetic diversity results in positive or negative eco-evolutionary feedback, and we identify present-day conservation challenges that may profit from a deep-time perspective.

scholarly journals Species richness and phylogenetic structure in plant communities: 20 years of succession

Web Ecology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutta Stadler ◽  
Stefan Klotz ◽  
Roland Brandl ◽  
Sonja Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Environmental Filters ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Structure Of Communities ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Regional Species Pool ◽  
Early Succession

Abstract. Secondary succession on arable fields is a popular system for studying processes influencing community assembly of plants. During early succession, the arrival and establishment of those propagules that can pass the environmental filters operating at a given site should be among the dominant processes leading to an initial increase in species richness. With ongoing succession, environmental filtering should decrease in relative importance compared to competitive interactions, which then should decrease species richness. Thereby, the phylogenetic structure of communities should change from random or clustered patterns during early succession to overdispersion. Disturbance is supposed to act as an additional filter, causing communities to be phylogenetically clustered. By analysing the species richness and phylogenetic structure of secondary succession in two different regions in Germany with three different disturbance levels each, we tested this general model. Although in one of the regions (Gimritz) we found the expected trajectory of species richness, phylogenetic structure did not follow the expected trend from random or clustered towards overdispersed communities. In the other region (Bayreuth), species richness did not follow the expected trajectory and phylogenetic structure remained clustered over the course of succession. A preliminary analysis of autecological characteristics of the species involved (Ellenberg indicator values) nevertheless showed clear contrasting trends. The idiosyncrasies of successional trajectories across sites might be due to the environmental context, the regional species pool as well as the legacy of former land use reflected in the seed bank.

scholarly journals Aboriginal entrepreneurship in the Northern Ob region

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Elena P. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The North ◽  
Structure Of Communities ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of

he article deals with the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the Northern Ob region among the Nenets, Khanty and Mansi. The author calls it «aboriginal” meaning that it as an economic activity that makes profit from the works directly related to the traditional sectors of the economy of the indigenous North peoples or from sale of products of economy. The article is based on the author’s field materials obtained during many years of field research (2000, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2017 years) in different areas of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It was found that two types of aboriginal entrepreneurship are developed in the Northern Ob region: institutional and informal. The first is represented by communities (either tribal or national) of indigenous people and farms. Their organization is socially oriented: communities are primarily a place of work for fishermen and reindeer herders. Community entrepreneurship is supported by the authorities of the district and the Okrug through a system of grants. The income of most community members is low, forcing them to seek additional income opportunities. The structure of communities of indigenous people is based on family ties. Informal aboriginal entrepreneurship spontaneously emerged in the crisis of the 1990-s and still does not give up its position. It provides the main income to families of private reindeer herders and fishermen. As a result of this aboriginal business quite stable client networks are formed that contribute to the social integration of local communities. Such entrepreneurship brings higher incomes, compared with the legalized formal ones, despite the lack of support from the “top” of the authorities. This largely contributes to its stability in the harsh northern conditions, where the market is small. The risk of being deceived is not an obstacle to the development of such business. The boundaries between institutional and informal economies in the North are penetrable and fluid. A private reindeer herder can be a member of the family community, and after delivering the minimum rate of products traditional industries can act as an independent businessman, selling products through his customers or visiting merchants. The same can be true for members of fishing communities. The interweaving of institutional and informal entrepreneurship forms a complex network of social and economic interaction in local communities.

scholarly journals Species ethnobotanical values rather than regional species pool determine plant diversity in agroforestry systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. N’Woueni ◽  
Orou G. Gaoue
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Regional Species Pool

AbstractThe conversion of natural systems into farms and agroecosystems is the main cause of biodiversity loss. In human-dominated landscapes, understanding the interactions between agroforestry systems and adjacent natural vegetation is fundamental to developing sustainable agricultural systems. Species can move between these two systems with natural systems providing the regional pool of species that shape the agricultural values and conservation value of the agroforestry systems. We investigated the influence of neighboring natural habitats on traditional agroforestry systems in the buffer zone of Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin to understand the contribution of regional processes on the quality of agroforestry systems. We expected that agroforestry parklands adjacent to natural vegetation with high species diversity will also have higher plant species diversity. We found no similarity in plant species composition between agroforestry systems and adjacent natural habitats. A small proportion of species in adjacent natural habitats were found in agroforestry systems. The proportion of shared species was not significantly influenced by plant diversity in adjacent natural habitats or the distance from the agroforestry systems to the natural adjacent habitat. However, plant diversity in agroforestry systems was strongly associated with site ethnobotanical values indicating that farmers act as a supplemental but severe environmental filter of the regional species pool. Our study suggests that promoting the plantation of plants with high ethnobotanical use-value is a potentially viable strategy for sustainable agriculture and ecological restoration in Biosphere reserves.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis of phylogenetic community structure: New version of a classical method

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Ricotta ◽  
Eszter EA Ari ◽  
Giuliano Bonanomi ◽  
Francesco Giannino ◽  
Duncan Heathfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Community Structure ◽  
Point Patterns ◽  
Wide Range

The increasing availability of phylogenetic information facilitates the use of evolutionary methods in community ecology to reveal the importance of evolution in the species assembly process. However, while several methods have been applied to a wide range of communities across different spatial scales with the purpose of detecting non-random phylogenetic patterns, the spatial aspects of phylogenetic community structure have received far less attention. Accordingly, the question for this study is: can point pattern analysis be used for revealing the phylogenetic structure of multi-species assemblages? We introduce a new individual-centered procedure for analyzing the scale-dependent phylogenetic structure of multi-species point patterns based on digitized field data. The method uses nested circular plots with increasing radii drawn around each individual plant and calculates the mean phylogenetic distance between the focal individual and all individuals located in the circular ring delimited by two successive radii. This scale-dependent value is then averaged over all individuals of the same species and the observed mean is compared to a null expectation with permutation procedures. The method detects particular radius values at which the point pattern of a single species exhibits maximum deviation from the expectation towards either phylogenetic aggregation or segregation. Its performance is illustrated using data from a grassland community in Hungary and simulated point patterns. The proposed method can be extended to virtually any distance function for species pairs, such as functional distances.

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