scholarly journals Aboriginal entrepreneurship in the Northern Ob region

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Elena P. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The North ◽  
Structure Of Communities ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of

he article deals with the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the Northern Ob region among the Nenets, Khanty and Mansi. The author calls it «aboriginal” meaning that it as an economic activity that makes profit from the works directly related to the traditional sectors of the economy of the indigenous North peoples or from sale of products of economy. The article is based on the author’s field materials obtained during many years of field research (2000, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2017 years) in different areas of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It was found that two types of aboriginal entrepreneurship are developed in the Northern Ob region: institutional and informal. The first is represented by communities (either tribal or national) of indigenous people and farms. Their organization is socially oriented: communities are primarily a place of work for fishermen and reindeer herders. Community entrepreneurship is supported by the authorities of the district and the Okrug through a system of grants. The income of most community members is low, forcing them to seek additional income opportunities. The structure of communities of indigenous people is based on family ties. Informal aboriginal entrepreneurship spontaneously emerged in the crisis of the 1990-s and still does not give up its position. It provides the main income to families of private reindeer herders and fishermen. As a result of this aboriginal business quite stable client networks are formed that contribute to the social integration of local communities. Such entrepreneurship brings higher incomes, compared with the legalized formal ones, despite the lack of support from the “top” of the authorities. This largely contributes to its stability in the harsh northern conditions, where the market is small. The risk of being deceived is not an obstacle to the development of such business. The boundaries between institutional and informal economies in the North are penetrable and fluid. A private reindeer herder can be a member of the family community, and after delivering the minimum rate of products traditional industries can act as an independent businessman, selling products through his customers or visiting merchants. The same can be true for members of fishing communities. The interweaving of institutional and informal entrepreneurship forms a complex network of social and economic interaction in local communities.

scholarly journals INTERPRETASI POTENSI EKOWISATA DUSUN DAROK KECAMATAN BONTI KABUPATEN SANGGAU KALIMANTAN BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resti Islamiati ◽  
Siti Masitoh Kartikawati ◽  
Tri Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Endemic Plants ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Protected Plants ◽  
The Village

Darok hamlet is located in the bonti sub district of sanggau district. Has many tributaries such as the Hisi, river the Himua and Tangis, the Darok and the Bonti river. Darok hamlet has good natural forest. Has the status of protected forest areas Mount Budu, Iron Mountain, there are protected plants Amorphophallus titanium dan Rafflesia tuan mudaee young master one of West Kalimantan endemic. There are animals like tringgiling, jungle cats, and proboscis mongkeys which are still widely around the river. Darok village is also still thick with ‘Gawai’ traditions. The purpose of ths study was to record the potential of ecotourism and develop interpretations of the ecotourism potential of the village of Darok.  The method used is exploration and ascending coordinates and direct interviews with hamlet heads, custom temenggung and local communities. The results of explroration there are 28 attractions that can support the interpretation of ecotourism potential, namely 18 physical potentials, 3 potential rare and endemic plants, 7 culture potentials. The results of the exploration were develoved into two tour package pathways, namely the protected forest path package and social culture this package was made based on field research. The protected forest package is on the heavy side, the settlement is 3 km away, there are potential waterfalls cascades, cascade amorphophallus titanium and others. While the social culture route in the north is 1 km away there is potential for tembawang forest, rice fields, traditional houses, and othersKeywords: Ecotourism, Interpretation, Pathway Interpretation.

scholarly journals Basic vocabulary of the Karelian and Vepsian languages in the linguistic and geographical aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
I. P. Novak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dialect Classification ◽  
Basic Vocabulary ◽  
The Baltic

Introduction: Karelian and Vepsian vocabulary has been collected and studied by linguists from Russia and Finland for two centuries. An invaluable source for research in the dialectology of the North-East group of the Baltic-Finnish languages is the «Comparative and Onomasiological Dictionary of the Karelian, Vepsian and Sami Languages» (2007). The dictionary was prepared by staff of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences using field research data from 1979–1981. The article reports the main results of applying the statistical method of cluster analysis to the dictionary entries. Objective: the analysis of the basic vocabulary of the dialects of the Karelian and Vepsian languages in the linguistic and geographical aspect using the statistical method of cluster analysis (dialectometry method). Research materials: pre-encoded for being uploaded to the clustering software database lexical data from the «Comparative and Onomasiological Dictionary of the Karelian, Vepsian and Sami Languages» (about 43 thousand units). Results and novelty of the research: the scientific novelty of the research is the application of the statistical method of cluster analysis to large volumes of pre-encoded lexical dialect material. The results of the calculation confirm the conclusions made by linguists earlier regarding the unity of the Vepsian and Karelian languages, as well as the presence of a clear border between them. The question of determination of the linguistic status of the Ludic dialects, which has been the subject of discussions among Russian and Finnish linguists for decades, is resolved in favor of the Karelian dialect on the basis of the material involved in the analysis. The boundaries between clusters outlined by the clustering program for the Vepsian language coincided with its dialect classification. On the Karelian part of the final map, the main bundle of isoglosses shifted north of the border between the dialects of the language, which indicates a more mobile character of its lexical level. The results presented in the article and the method of obtaining them will be later used to develop a linguistically grounded classification of Karelian language dialects.

scholarly journals A Displaced Community’s Perspective on Land-Grabbing in Africa: The Case of the Kalimkhola Community in Dwangwa, Malawi

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Yuh Jin Bae
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Community Resistance ◽  
Depth Interviews

In recent years, the sugar industry in Malawi has been criticized for its connections to land-grabbing. The general trend in the current literature has been the attempt to identify the main actors and factors that were instrumental in the displacement of local communities. These studies often neglect the importance of each community’s in-depth perspectives on land-grabbing, which is essential in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of land-grabbing. By conducting field research based on in-depth interviews with the Kalimkhola community, this study had two main objectives: (1) to analyze the wider implications and effects of land-grabbing and displacement, other than its often-cited economic aspects; and (2) to analyze more specific reasons behind the community’s complaints and strong resistance to land-grabbing. The main findings of this research are that (1) land-grabbing leads to a loss of traditional cultural practices, and (2) the main reason for discontentment amongst community members is not the process of displacement, per se, but the worsening of their living and working environments. For those who were forcibly moved twice, their environmental change for the worse contributed to community resistance. These findings, along with the others in this paper, show that land-grabbing studies have the potential to broaden the research area. This can only be achieved by engaging in close interactions and in-depth interviews with specific local communities, which will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of land-grabbing in Dwangwa.

“Eskimo” Immigrants and Colonial Soldiers: Icelandic Immigrants and the North-West Resistance, 1885

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s1) ◽  
pp. s309-s338
Author(s):  
Laurie K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
The West ◽  
New Developments ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Working

How did marginalized and racialized ethnic immigrants transform themselves into active, armed colonial agents in nineteenth-century Western Canada? Approximately twenty Icelanders enlisted to fight Louis Riel’s forces during the North-West Resistance in 1885, just ten years following the arrival of Icelandic immigrants in present-day Manitoba. Forty more reportedly enlisted in an Icelandic-Canadian battalion to enforce the government’s victory in the fall. This public, armed stance of a group of Icelanders against Indigenous forces in 1885 is somewhat unexpected, since most Icelanders were relatively recent arrivals in the West and, in Winnipeg, members of the largely unskilled urban working class. Moreover, they were widely rumoured among Winnipeggers to be from a “blubber-eating race” and of “Eskimo” extraction; community accounts testify to the discrimination numerous early Icelanders faced in the city. These factors initially make Icelanders unexpected colonialists, particularly since nineteenth-century ethnic immigration and colonial suppression so often appear as separate processes in Canadian historiography. Indeed, this scholarship is characterized by an enduring belief that Western Canadian colonialism was a distinctly Anglo sin. Ethnic immigrants often appear in scholarly and popular histories as sharing a history of marginalization with Indigenous people that prevented migrants from taking part in colonial displacement. Proceeding from the neglected history of Icelandic enlistment in 1885 and new developments in Icelandic historiography, this article argues that rather than negating ethnic participation in Indigenous suppression, ethnic marginality and the class tensions it created could actually fuel participation in colonial campaigns, which promised immigrants upward mobility, access to state support, and land.

scholarly journals Oral history of the “silent majority”. From the experience of field research in Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
A. T. Sabirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
History Of

This article examines the experience of Uzbek historians in conducting oral history research. According to the author, the experience of oral history in Uzbekistan is still insufficient, but it has good prospects, since a community of scientists and representatives of related sciences in oral history has already been formed. This direction is developing both in social and academic aspects. At the same time, a number of problems in the development of the new method were noted, such as the fragmentation of research, weak methodological base, lack of interaction between researchers. The process of institutionalizing the collection and analysis of oral recollections on the basis of specific projects and international cooperation is shown in stages. Methods of research, which were accompanied by field and research practice, are described in detail. The article discusses specific methods of field research of local communities (mahalla) and small towns of Uzbekistan. The author notes specific problems of conducting oral-historical research, such as the official discourse in the memoirs of veterans, the observance of ethics in relation to the researcher and the respondent, the problem of language and others.

Anthropological linguistics and methodology of studying lexics 
of the disappearing language 
of the indigenous small people of the North

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Olga N.  Ivanishcheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
Endangered Language ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Interviews

The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the research methodology of such a phenomenon as the endangered language of the indigenous people. The Kildin Saami language is considered as an subject of study, and the vocabulary of this language is considered as an object. The new idea of the work consists in a cognitive approach to the forms and methods of cognition of the endangered language of the Kola North in the framework of anthropological linguistics. It is shown that the reliance on the experience of native speakers of the small indigenous people of the North is crucial in the methodology of its research. Interviews, questionnaires, field studies should be combined in the study of the vocabulary of such a language with the methods of generalization and comparison. It is emphasized that the comparison method in studying the vocabulary of an indigenous minority can be used to solve the problem of distinguishing between scientific and naive knowledge of realities, and therefore, distinguishing between “naive-language” and “scientific” pictures of the world. The specificity of using the comparison technique, which consists in the features of the compared objects, is noted. For endangered languages, the article proposes to compare written sources, including dictionaries of the past and / or beginning of the last twentieth century, and oral materials of modern field research. It is argued that this way of analysis helps to determine the degree of preservation of the language, which is under threat of extinction. It has been established that a cognitive approach to the analysis of the vocabulary of the Kildin Saami language reveals not only the presence / absence of gaps in the linguistic consciousness of the modern native speaker, but also the connotative meanings associated with imposing a traditional folk worldview with the realities of the modern life of the indigenous people.

Heart of Ice: Indigenous Defendants and Colonial Law in the Canadian North-West

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Common Law ◽  
North West ◽  
Indigenous Resistance ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Official Recognition

In 1885, in the midst of the North-West Resistance in which Indigenous people took up arms against the colonial Canadian state, three Cree men executed an elderly Cree woman. At their trial for murder, the defendants were found guilty. They avoided execution because colonial authorities became convinced that they believed that their victim was a wendigo, a cannibal spirit. Killing a wendigo was justified under Cree law and so, argued one judge, the defendants lacked the mens rea necessary to sustain a murder conviction. The history of this case shows the limits of colonial legal jurisdiction and sovereignty. Scarce resources, hostile territory and Indigenous resistance hampered the colonial state's efforts to consolidate its legal control over the Canadian frontier. This essay notes the importance of these forces, but also argues that common law jurisprudence itself could impair the ability of the state to hold Indigenous defendants criminally responsible. Colonial officials regularly invoked the idea that Indigenous people adhered to different legal and normative orders in order to illustrate their supposed inferiority. However, this official recognition of the legal pluralism of the North-West could undermine a defendant's responsibility and cut against efforts to assert the exclusive jurisdiction of Canadian criminal law.

Features of spiritual culture and historical memory of people in Bulgarian-Turkish village of Slavyanovo

2020 ◽  
pp. 400-418
Author(s):  
Anna A. Leоntyeva ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina N. Struganоva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village ◽  
State Language

The field research in village of Slavyanovo (community of Popovo, Targovishte region, Bulgaria) was held in August 2019. The village was chosen because of its mixed national composition specificity: the basis of Slavic part of the village consists of the descendants of Bulgarians from the Balkan, which came there after the Ottoman-Russian war. Turkish people of Slavyanovo are divided into indigenous people, whose ancestors lived there in Ottoman time, and migrants from Kardzali and other traditionally Turkish regions of Bulgaria, which appeared in the village in the second half of the 20th century. There are several folk versions of the history of migrations, which are significantly different. The task of the study was to collect linguistic, ethnographic and historical material for further analyses of the basic values in the life of the modern Turkish-Bulgarian village, namely: language and communication, tolerance, ancestral memory, history of the homeland, faith and religious denominations, rituals, folklore etc. During the field work we looked at the history of the village and historical memory of its villagers, linguistic situation. The analyses of the data helps us infer, that cultural differences gradually lessen. Also, there are no contradictions between Turks and Bulgarians. We can observe the borrowings and infiltrations of the language elements (given the dominance of the Bulgarian as the state language), while Turks borrow the most frequent words, denoting household objects, and cliched expressions from Bulgarian language.

Linking commercial success of tour operators and agencies to conservation and community benefits in Costa Rica

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA SEALES ◽  
TAYLOR STEIN
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Local People ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
Development Tool ◽  
Perceived Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Residents

SUMMARYThroughout the world tourism is a tool for economic growth, conservation and improved quality of life for local residents, yet negative environmental impacts and economic leakages are common. Since the impacts of tourism are variable, it is important to understand which businesses are providing conservation and community benefits. Commercial success is often cited as an important determinant of sustainable behaviour, however, little research examines relationships between commercial success and provision of conservation and community benefits. Tour operators (businesses that organize and run tours) and agencies (businesses that sell tours operated by others) offering nature-based tours and travel services in Costa Rica were surveyed to answer the following questions: is commercial success in tourism ventures associated with conservation behaviour and the provision of benefits to local communities? If so, what factors are most associated with commercial success? Commercially successful entrepreneurs provided environmental education to visitors, supported conservation groups or initiatives, reduced, reused and/or recycled waste, used environmentally friendly equipment, and built formal partnerships with community members. Typically, these entrepreneurs had larger businesses, greater perceived success (relative to other similar businesses), and more growth (both in terms of visitors and employees). However, the extent to which entrepreneurs educated and employed local people, purchased supplies locally, and patronized local hotels and lodges was not related to commercial success. Overall, a relationship existed between an entrepreneur's level of commercial success and the provision of conservation benefits, but there was little evidence supporting a relationship between commercial success and community benefits. Nevertheless, most tourism businesses reported that they do provide benefits to local communities regardless of their level of commercial success. Therefore, in a country like Costa Rica, with a long history of using tourism as a conservation and community development tool, this study showed that tourism can benefit the environment and local people.

scholarly journals On the History of the Formation of Assyrian Diasporas in Cities on the Riga Railway

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Sergei Sergeevich Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Field Research ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
The City

In the article the author talks about a local episode in the history of the formation of one of the little-studied diasporas of the cities of Central Russia – the Assyrians. The author's goal is to consider the emergence of communities of the considered ethnic group using the example of small Assyrian diasporas known from the Riga Railway. Since the Assyrians settled in the cities of European Russia for the most part after exodus from their places of traditional residence, fleeing the genocide unleashed by the Turkish authorities during the First World War, their new places of residence anyway were tied to the lines of the railways that existed at that time. For this study, the Riga (formerly Vindava) direction was chosen, about the Assyrians of which the author has so far collected the maximum possible information. Based on the materials of the largest researcher of the Assyrian diaspora of the former USSR – archimandrite Stephen (Sado), as well as on the materials of his own field research, the author provides the reader with information on the diasporas that arose at the early stage of the formation of the Russian Assyrian community – in the 1920s-1930s. The article deals with the Assyrians of the former city of Tushino, which in 1960 became part of Moscow, Istra, Volokolamsk, Rzhev, Velikiye Luki, Toropets, located on the territory of the Moscow, Tver and Pskov regions of the Russian Federation. First of all, the participation of families from different tribal and rural communities in the formation of diasporas is considered, as a result, the author identifies at least three parts on this railway direction, inhabited by people from certain tribes. The first part, which includes the former city of Tushino and, possibly, Istra and Volokolamsk, is represented by the diasporas of the Jylu tribe. In the second, on the indicated railway direction, we include only the city of Rzhev. There, first of all, we see two groups of families of people from the village. Kochanis (Kuchisnaya tribe) and the Diz region (Diznaya). The latter point allows us to consider the city as part of the settlement area of the diasporas of this group, which includes some cities of the Tver and Smolensk regions, located along the adjacent Torzhok – Vyazma branch. The third part is the cities of Velikiye Luki and Toropets, in which we know mainly the Assyrians of the Shapatna group, who in the 1920–1930s created a large array of settlement of their diasporas, covering part of the north-west of Russia, Belarus, part of the north of Ukraine.

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