scholarly journals Serial founder effects and genetic differentiation during worldwide range expansion of monarch butterflies

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1797) ◽  
pp. 20142230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda A. Pierce ◽  
Myron P. Zalucki ◽  
Marie Bangura ◽  
Milan Udawatta ◽  
Marcus R. Kronforst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
North American ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
High Dispersal

Range expansions can result in founder effects, increasing genetic differentiation between expanding populations and reducing genetic diversity along the expansion front. However, few studies have addressed these effects in long-distance migratory species, for which high dispersal ability might counter the effects of genetic drift. Monarchs ( Danaus plexippus ) are best known for undertaking a long-distance annual migration in North America, but have also dispersed around the world to form populations that do not migrate or travel only short distances. Here, we used microsatellite markers to assess genetic differentiation among 18 monarch populations and to determine worldwide colonization routes. Our results indicate that North American monarch populations connected by land show limited differentiation, probably because of the monarch's ability to migrate long distances. Conversely, we found high genetic differentiation between populations separated by large bodies of water. Moreover, we show evidence for serial founder effects across the Pacific, suggesting stepwise dispersal from a North American origin. These findings demonstrate that genetic drift played a major role in shaping allele frequencies and created genetic differentiation among newly formed populations. Thus, range expansion can give rise to genetic differentiation and declines in genetic diversity, even in highly mobile species.

scholarly journals Genetic differentiation in an endangered and strongly philopatric, migrant shorebird

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelli Rönkä ◽  
Veli-Matti Pakanen ◽  
Angela Pauliny ◽  
Robert L. Thomson ◽  
Kimmo Nuotio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mobile Species ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Background Populations living in fragmented habitats may suffer from loss of genetic variation and reduced between-patch dispersal, which are processes that can result in genetic differentiation. This occurs frequently in species with reduced mobility, whereas genetic differentiation is less common among mobile species such as migratory birds. The high dispersal capacity in the latter species usually allows for gene flow even in fragmented landscapes. However, strongly philopatric behaviour can reinforce relative isolation and the degree of genetic differentiation. The Southern Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) is a philopatric, long-distance migratory shorebird and shows reduced dispersal between isolated breeding patches. The endangered population of the Southern Dunlin breeding at the Baltic Sea has suffered from habitat deterioration and fragmentation of coastal meadows. We sampled DNA across the entire population and used 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci to examine whether the environmental changes have resulted in genetic structuring and loss of variation. Results We found a pattern of isolation-by-distance across the whole Baltic population and genetic differentiation between local populations, even within the southern Baltic. Observed heterozygosity was lower than expected throughout the range and internal relatedness values were positive indicating inbreeding. Conclusions Our results provide long-term, empirical evidence for the theoretically expected links between habitat fragmentation, population subdivision, and gene flow. They also demonstrate a rare case of genetic differentiation between populations of a long-distance migratory species. The Baltic Southern Dunlin differs from many related shorebird species that show near panmixia, reflecting its philopatric life history and the reduced connectivity of its breeding patches. The results have important implications as they suggest that reduced connectivity of breeding habitats can threaten even long-distance migrants if they show strong philopatry during breeding. The Baltic Southern Dunlin warrants urgent conservation efforts that increase functional connectivity and gene flow between breeding areas.

scholarly journals Population Genomics of Rapidly Invading Lionfish in the Caribbean Reveals Signals of Range Expansion in the Absence of Spatial Population Structure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor K. Bors ◽  
Santiago Herrera ◽  
James A. Morris ◽  
Timothy M. Shank
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Mitochondrial Control Region ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Invasion Pathway ◽  
Founder Events

ABSTRACTRange expansions driven by global change and species invasions are likely to have significant genomic, evolutionary, and ecological implications. During range expansions, strong genetic drift characterized by repeated founder events can result in decreased genetic diversity with increased distance from the center of the historic range, or the point of invasion. The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, into waters off the U.S. East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea provides a natural system to study rapid range expansion in an invasive marine fish with high dispersal capabilities. We report results from 12,759 loci sequenced by restriction enzyme associated DNA sequencing for nine P. volitans populations in the invaded range, including Florida and other Caribbean sites, as well as mitochondrial control region D-loop data. Analyses revealed low to no spatially explicit metapopulation genetic structure in the study area, which is partly consistent with previous finding of little structure within ocean basins, but partly divergent from reports of between-basin structure. Genetic diversity, however, was not homogeneous across all sampled sites. Patterns of genetic diversity correlate with invasion pathway. Observed heterozygosity, averaged across all loci within a population, decreases with distance from Florida while expected heterozygosity is mostly constant throughout sampled populations, indicating population genetic disequilibrium correlated with distance from the point of invasion. Using an FST outlier analysis and a Bayesian environmental correlation analysis, we identified 256 and 616 loci, respectively, that could be experiencing selection or genetic drift. Of these, 24 loci were shared between the two methods.

scholarly journals Dispersal and Differentiation of Deep-Sea Mussels of the GenusBathymodiolus(Mytilidae, Bathymodiolinae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kyuno ◽  
Mifue Shintaku ◽  
Yuko Fujita ◽  
Hiroto Matsumoto ◽  
Motoo Utsumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Significant Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
High Gene

We sequenced the mitochondrial ND4 gene to elucidate the evolutionary processes ofBathymodiolusmussels and mytilid relatives. Mussels of the subfamily Bathymodiolinae from vents and seeps belonged to 3 groups and mytilid relatives from sunken wood and whale carcasses assumed the outgroup positions to bathymodioline mussels. Shallow water mytilid mussels were positioned more distantly relative to the vent/seep mussels, indicating an evolutionary transition from shallow to deep sea via sunken wood and whale carcasses.Bathymodiolus platifronsis distributed in the seeps and vents, which are approximately 1500 km away. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the populations. There existed high gene flow betweenB. septemdierumandB. breviorand low but not negligible gene flow betweenB. marisindicusandB. septemdierumorB. brevior, although their habitats are 5000–10 000 km away. These indicate a high adaptability to the abyssal environments and a high dispersal ability ofBathymodiolusmussels.

scholarly journals Phylogenetics of a Fungal Invasion: Origins and Widespread Dispersal of White-Nose Syndrome

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Drees ◽  
Jeffrey M. Lorch ◽  
Sebastien J. Puechmaille ◽  
Katy L. Parise ◽  
Gudrun Wibbelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Pseudogymnoascus Destructans ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Recent Introduction ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
The North

ABSTRACT Globalization has facilitated the worldwide movement and introduction of pathogens, but epizoological reconstructions of these invasions are often hindered by limited sampling and insufficient genetic resolution among isolates. Pseudogymnoascus destructans , a fungal pathogen causing the epizootic of white-nose syndrome in North American bats, has exhibited few genetic polymorphisms in previous studies, presenting challenges for both epizoological tracking of the spread of this fungus and for determining its evolutionary history. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole-genome sequencing and microsatellites to construct high-resolution phylogenies of P. destructans . Shallow genetic diversity and the lack of geographic structuring among North American isolates support a recent introduction followed by expansion via clonal reproduction across the epizootic zone. Moreover, the genetic relationships of isolates within North America suggest widespread mixing and long-distance movement of the fungus. Genetic diversity among isolates of P. destructans from Europe was substantially higher than in those from North America. However, genetic distance between the North American isolates and any given European isolate was similar to the distance between the individual European isolates. In contrast, the isolates we examined from Asia were highly divergent from both European and North American isolates. Although the definitive source for introduction of the North American population has not been conclusively identified, our data support the origin of the North American invasion by P. destructans from Europe rather than Asia. IMPORTANCE This phylogenetic study of the bat white-nose syndrome agent, P. destructans , uses genomics to elucidate evolutionary relationships among populations of the fungal pathogen to understand the epizoology of this biological invasion. We analyze hypervariable and abundant genetic characters (microsatellites and genomic SNPs, respectively) to reveal previously uncharacterized diversity among populations of the pathogen from North America and Eurasia. We present new evidence supporting recent introduction of the fungus to North America from a diverse Eurasian population, with limited increase in genetic variation in North America since that introduction.

scholarly journals The Genomic Basis of the Genetic Differentiation and Local Adaptive Evolution of Pampus Echinogaster based on SLAF-seq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Fangrui Lou ◽  
Hai Li ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Zizi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Genomic Study

Abstract Background: Factors such as climate change (especially ocean warming) and overfishing have led to a decline in the supply of Pampus echinogaster and a trend of decreasing age. Exploring the genetic structure and local adaptive evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for the management of P. echinogaster. Results: This population genomic study of nine geographical populations of P. echinogaster in China was conducted by specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). A total of 935,215 SLAF tags were obtained, and the average sequencing depth of the SLAF tags was 20.80×. After filtering, a total of 46,187 high-consistency genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Based on all SNPs, the overall genetic diversity among the nine P. echinogaster populations was high. The Shantou population had the lowest genetic diversity, and the Tianjin population had the highest. Meanwhile, the population genetic structure based on all SNPs revealed significant gene exchange and insignificant genetic differentiation between the nine P. echinogaster populations. Based on pairwise genetic differentiation (FST), we further screened 1,852 outlier SNPs that might have been affected by habitat selection and annotated SLAF tags containing these 1,852 outlier SNPs using Blast2GO. The annotation results showed that the genomic sequences at the outlier SNPs were mainly related to material metabolism, ion transport, breeding, stress response, and inflammatory reactions, which may be related to the adaptation of P. echinogaster to different environmental conditions (such as water temperature and salinity) in different sea areas.Conclusions: The high genetic similarity of nine P. echinogaster populations may have been caused by the population expansion after the last glacial period, the lack of balance between migration and genetic drift, and the long-distance diffusion of eggs and larvae. We suspected that variation of these genes associated with material metabolism, ion transfer, breeding, stress reactions, and inflammatory reactions were critical for adaptation to spatially heterogeneous temperatures in natural P. echinogaster populations.

scholarly journals Drivers of genetic differentiation and recent evolutionary history of an Eurasian wild pea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Hellwig ◽  
Shahal Abbo ◽  
Ron Ophir
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Population Recovery ◽  
Environmental Predictors

Genetic diversity a major determinant for the capacity of species to persist and adapt to their environments. Unraveling the factors affecting genetic differentiation is crucial to understand how genetic diversity is shaped and species may react to changing environments. We employed genotyping by sequencing to test the influence of climate, space, latitude, altitude and land cover on genetic differentiation in a collection of 81 wild pea samples (Pisum sativum ssp. elatius) from across its distribution range from western Europe to central Asia. We also attempted to elucidate the species recent evolutionary history and its effect on the current distribution of genetic diversity. Association of single SNPs with climate variables were analyses to test for signatures of local adaptation. Genetic variation was geographically structured into six distinct genetic cluster. Two of which were associated with a taxonomic group (Pisum sativum ssp. humile) that according to some researchers does not qualify for a sub-species rank due to its alleged lack of genetic distinctness from other conspecific groups. The effect of the tested factors influencing genetic differentiation were rather variable among genetic clusters. The climate predictors were most important in all clusters. Land use was more important in clusters from areas strongly influenced by human land use, especially by agriculture. We found a statistically significant association of 3,623 SNPs (2.4 % of all SNPs) with one of the environmental predictors. Most of them were correlated with latitude followed by temperature, precipitation and altitude. Estimation of SNP effects of the candidates resulted in a missense to silent ratio of 0.45, suggesting many of the observed candidates SNPs may alter the encoded amino acid sequence. Wild peas went through a genetic bottleneck during the last glacial period followed by population recovery. Probably associated with this population recovery, we detected a range expansion, which may have led to an eastward range expansion of the European cluster to Turkey and thereof southwards and eastwards. Overall, the interplay of several environmental factors and the recent evolutionary history affected the distribution of genetic diversity in wild peas where each subpopulations were differently affected by those factors and processes.

Assessing Genetic Diversity of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in North America with Microsatellites

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey A. Bodo Slotta ◽  
Michael E. Foley ◽  
Shaioman Chao ◽  
Ruth A. Hufbauer ◽  
David P. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Distance Analysis

Invasive species such as Canada thistle pose a significant threat to ecosystems. The risk of introducing invasive species has increased with human activities, and the effects of such events have economic and aesthetic impacts. Native to Europe, Canada thistle is now established throughout temperate North America. Although there is documentation of early occurrences to North America, little is known on how it has become established in diverse habitats or how it continues to spread. We examined genetic diversity within and among nearly 1,700 Canada thistle individuals from 85 North American locations with the use of seven microsatellite markers in order to address these questions. PAUP and STRUCTURE programs were used to assess genetic diversity and relationships within and between populations. Populations exhibited greater within-population diversity (> 60%) than expected for a reported clonally reproducing species. Total diversity of sampled locations in North America (0.183) was less than previously reported for European locations (0.715), but the greater mean difference between North American populations (0.264 relative to 0.246 from England) suggests strong founder effects or restriction of gene flow influencing individual populations. Furthermore, analyses identified numerous instances where individuals from geographically distant regions clustered together, indicating long-distance translocation of propogules. However, isolation by distance analysis showed significant correlation between location and population genetic distances (r = 0.1917, P = 0.006). Within populations, nearly 92% of individuals sampled harbored unique multilocus genotypes, strongly suggesting that sexual reproduction is common. Within populations, analysis of genetic structure indicated significant admixture of genotypes throughout the invasive range in North America. The recurrent distribution of seed throughout North America has led to a highly diverse gene pool and increased the adaptive success Canada thistle to a wide variety of habitats. Future technologies developed for control of Canada thistle should consider this diversity.

scholarly journals Serial Founder Effects During Range Expansion: A Spatial Analog of Genetic Drift

Genetics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montgomery Slatkin ◽  
Laurent Excoffier
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Founder Effects

Genetic diversity and structure of the treeManilkara zapotain a naturally fragmented tropical forest

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela A. Martínez-Natarén ◽  
Víctor Parra-Tabla ◽  
Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Population Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
Degree Of Isolation

Abstract:Forest fragmentation, habitat loss and isolation may have a strong effect on biodiversity in tropical forests. This can include modification of the genetic diversity and structure of plant populations. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and structure of the treeManilkara zapotain 15 naturally formed fragments of semi-evergreen tropical forest, as well as in an adjacent continuous forest for comparison. Forest fragments were scattered within a matrix of wetlands and were highly variable in terms of size and degree of isolation. The naturally fragmented populations ofM.zapotahad slightly less allelic diversity (Ar: 3.4) than those of the continuous forest (Ar: 3.6), when corrected for sample size. However, populations in the fragments and continuous forest had very similar heterozygosity levels (HE: 0.59 in both cases). Low levels of genetic differentiation were observed among populations (FST: 0.026) and genetic structure was not consistent with isolation by distance, indicating high levels of gene flow. Genetic diversity was not explained by fragment size or degree of isolation. The relatively high genetic diversity and low inter-population genetic differentiation observed inM. zapotamay be the result of long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, as well as the high proximity among patches.

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