Artificial light at night decreases metamorphic duration and juvenile growth in a widespread amphibian

Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects over 20% of the earth's surface and is estimated to increase 6% per year. Most studies of ALAN have focused on a single mechanism or life stage. We tested for indirect and direct ALAN effects that occurred by altering American toads' ( Anaxyrus americanus ) ecological interactions or by altering toad development and growth, respectively. We conducted an experiment over two life stages using outdoor mesocosms and indoor terraria. In the first phase, the presence of ALAN reduced metamorphic duration and periphyton biomass. The effects of ALAN appeared to be mediated through direct effects on toad development, and we found no evidence for indirect effects of ALAN acting through altered ecological interactions or colonization. In the second phase, post-metamorphic toad growth was reduced by 15% in the ALAN treatment. Juvenile-stage ALAN also affected toad activity: in natural light, toads retreated into leaf litter at night whereas ALAN toads did not change behaviour. Carry-over effects of ALAN were also present; juvenile toads that had been exposed to larval ALAN exhibited marginally increased activity. In this time frame and system, our experiments suggested ALAN's effects act primarily through direct effects, rather than indirect effects, and can persist across life stages.

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Artificial light at night: implications for early life stages development in four temperate freshwater fish species

Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00027-010-0167-2 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Anika Brüning ◽

Franz Hölker ◽

Christian Wolter

Keyword(s):

Freshwater Fish ◽

Fish Species ◽

Early Life ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Life Stages ◽

Early Life Stages ◽

Light At Night ◽

Freshwater Fish Species

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Carry-over Effects of the Larval Environment in Mosquito-Borne Disease Systems

Population Biology of Vector-Borne Diseases ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198853244.003.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 155-174

Author(s):

Michelle V. Evans ◽

Philip M. Newberry ◽

Courtney C. Murdock

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Life Stages ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Future Directions ◽

Past Work ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Carry Over

Mosquito-borne disease transmission is highly dependent on environmental conditions throughout the lifetime of a mosquito. In addition to direct effects of the current environment, carry-over effects from the environments of previous life-stages can influence an adult mosquito's life history traits. In this chapter, we review past work on the carry-over effects of temperature, nutrition, competition, and microbial diversity of the larval environment on disease transmission in mosquitoes. We then discuss how carry-over effects can be integrated into modeling studies and future directions for work on carry-over effects in mosquito-borne disease systems.

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Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.160815 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 160815 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bertanne Visser ◽

Denis S. Willett ◽

Jeffrey A. Harvey ◽

Hans T. Alborn

Keyword(s):

Life Stage ◽

Adult Life ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Metabolic Model ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Life Stages ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Feeding Experiments ◽

Vinegar Fly ◽

Carry Over

The ability to synthesize lipids is critical for an organism’s fitness; hence, metabolic pathways, underlying lipid synthesis, tend to be highly conserved. Surprisingly, the majority of parasitoids deviate from this general metabolic model by lacking the ability to convert sugars and other carbohydrates into lipids. These insects spend the first part of their life feeding and developing in or on an arthropod host, during which they can carry over a substantial amount of lipid reserves. While many parasitoid species have been tested for lipogenic ability at the adult life stage, it has remained unclear whether parasitoid larvae can synthesize lipids. Here we investigate whether or not several insects can synthesize lipids during the larval stage using three ectoparasitic wasps (developing on the outside of the host) and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster that differ in lipogenic ability in the adult life stage. Using feeding experiments and stable isotope tracing with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we first confirm lipogenic abilities in the adult life stage. Using topical application of stable isotopes in developing larvae, we then provide clear evidence of concurrence in lipogenic ability between larval and adult life stages in all species tested.

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Indirect effects of ocean acidification drive feeding and growth of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2017.0778 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 284 (1856) ◽

pp. 20170778 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Pamela Z. Kamya ◽

Maria Byrne ◽

Benjamin Mos ◽

Lauren Hall ◽

Symon A. Dworjanyn

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Trophic Interactions ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Life Stage ◽

Low Ph ◽

Juvenile Stage ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Acanthaster Planci ◽

Early Juvenile ◽

Near Future

The indirect effects of changing climate in modulating trophic interactions can be as important as the direct effects of climate stressors on consumers. The success of the herbivorous juvenile stage of the crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, may be affected by the impacts of ocean conditions on its crustose coralline algal (CCA) food. To partition the direct effects of near future ocean acidification on juvenile COTS and indirect effects through changes in their CCA food, COTS were grown in three pH T levels (7.9, 7.8, 7.6) and fed CCA grown at similar pH levels. Consumption of CCA by COTS was bolstered when the COTS were grown in low pH and when they were fed CCA grown in low pH regardless of the pH in which the COTS were reared. COTS fed CCA grown at pH 7.6 grew fastest, but the pH/ p CO 2 that the COTS were reared in had no direct effect on growth. Ocean acidification conditions decreased the C : N ratio and carbonate levels in the CCA. Bolstered growth in COTS may be driven by enhanced palatability, increased nutritive state and reduced defences of their CCA food. These results indicate that near future acidification will increase the success of early juvenile COTS and boost recruitment into the coral-eating life stage.

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Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Direct Effects of Tadalafil on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) versus Indirect Effects Mediated through Erectile Dysfunction Symptom Improvement: Integrated Data Analyses from 4 Placebo-Controlled Clinical Studies.

F1000 - Post-publication peer review of the biomedical literature ◽

10.3410/f.718133719.793488336 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Fraser

Keyword(s):

Erectile Dysfunction ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Clinical Studies ◽

Lower Urinary Tract ◽

Symptom Improvement ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Urinary Tract Symptoms ◽

Lower Urinary

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Trophic Cascades in Grasslands

10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Brian J. Wilsey

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Prey Species ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Temperate Grasslands ◽

Cascading Effect ◽

Top Predators ◽

Invertebrate Predators ◽

Ecology Of Fear

Top predators have effects that can ‘cascade down’ on lower trophic levels. Because of this cascading effect, it matters how many trophic levels are present. Predators are either ‘sit and wait’ or ‘active’. Wolves are top predators in temperate grasslands and can alter species composition of smaller-sized predators, prey, and woody and herbaceous plant species, either through direct effects or indirect effects (‘Ecology of Fear’). In human derived grasslands, invertebrate predators fill a similar ecological role as wolves. Migrating populations of herbivores tend to be more limited by food than non-migratory populations. The phenology and synchrony of births vary among prey species in a way that is consistent with an adaptation to predation. Precocious species have highly synchronous birth dates to satiate predators. Non-precocious species (‘hiders’) have asynchronous births. Results from studies that manipulate both predators and food support the hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down effects interact.

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‘And all my children?’

10.1093/oso/9780198828556.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte Scott

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Life Stage ◽

Early Modern Period ◽

Life Stages ◽

Cultural Imagination ◽

Modern Period

Beginning with an exploration of the role of the child in the cultural imagination, Chapter 1 establishes the formative and revealing ways in which societies identify themselves in relation to how they treat their children. Focusing on Shakespeare and the early modern period, Chapter 1 sets out to determine the emotional, symbolic, and political registers through which children are depicted and discussed. Attending to the different life stages and representations of the child on stage, this chapter sets out the terms of the book’s enquiry: what role do children play in Shakespeare’s plays; how do we recognize them as such—age, status, parental dynamic—and what are the effects of their presence? This chapter focuses on how the early moderns understood the child, as a symbolic figure, a life stage, a form of obligation, a profound bond, and an image of servitude.

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The physical environment

10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Philip James

Keyword(s):

Physical Environment ◽

Urban Climate ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Artificial Light ◽

Noise Levels ◽

Light At Night ◽

High Noise ◽

P Elements ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Diversity Of Life

Elements of the physical aspects of urban environments determine which micro-organisms, plants, and animals live in urban environments. In this chapter, climate, air, water, soil, noise, and light are discussed. Urban environments are affected by the climate of the region in which they are located, and in turn and create their own, distinctive urban climate. Air, water, and soil are all affected by urbanization. Pollution of these elements is common. High noise levels and artificial light at night (ALAN—a new phenomenon) are both strongly associated with urban environments. Details of both are discussed. The discussion in this chapter provides a foundation for further exploration of the diversity of life in urban environments and for later exploration of how organisms adapt to urban living, which will be discussed in Parts II and III.

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