scholarly journals Agonistic character displacement of genetically based male colour patterns across darters

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1884) ◽  
pp. 20181248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Moran ◽  
Rebecca C. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Common Garden ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Signal Evolution ◽  
Interspecific Aggression ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Female Mating Preferences

Agonistic character displacement (ACD) occurs when selection to avoid maladaptive interspecific aggression leads to the evolution of agonistic signals and/or associated behavioural biases in sympatry. Here, we test for a pattern consistent with ACD in male colour pattern in darters (Percidae: Etheostoma ). Male colour pattern has been shown to function in male–male competition rather than female mating preferences in several darter species. Additionally, males bias their aggression towards conspecific over heterospecific males in sympatry but not in allopatry, consistent with divergent ACD in male behavioural biases. We use a common garden approach to show that differences in male colour pattern among four closely related darter species are genetically based. Additionally, we demonstrate that some aspects of male colour pattern exhibit enhanced differences in sympatric compared to allopatric populations of two darter species, consistent with ACD. However, other male colour traits are more similar between species in sympatry compared with allopatry, indicating that not all signal components are under strong divergent selection in sympatry. This study provides evidence that interspecific male–male aggressive interactions alone can promote elaborate male signal evolution both between and within species. We discuss the implications this has for male-driven ACD and cascade ACD.

scholarly journals Agonistic character displacement of genetically based male color patterns across darters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Moran ◽  
Rebecca C. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Common Garden ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Signal Evolution ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Behavioral Biases ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Female Mating Preferences

AbstractA growing number of studies are demonstrating that interspecific male-male competitive interactions can promote trait evolution and contribute to speciation. Agonistic character displacement (ACD) occurs when selection to avoid maladaptive interspecific aggression leads to the evolution of agonistic signals and/or associated behavioral biases in sympatry. Here we test for a pattern consistent with ACD in male color pattern in darters (Percidae: Etheostoma). Despite the presence of traditional sex roles and sexual dimorphism, male color pattern has been shown to function in male-male competition in several darter species, rather than female mating preferences. A pattern consistent with divergent ACD in male behavioral biases has also been documented in darters. Males bias their aggression towards conspecific over heterospecific males in sympatry but not in allopatry. Here we use a common garden approach to show that differences in male color pattern among four closely related darter species are genetically based. We also demonstrate that male color pattern exhibits enhanced differences in sympatric compared to allopatric populations of two darter species. This study provides evidence that interspecific male-male aggressive interactions alone can promote elaborate male signal evolution both between and within species. We discuss the implications this has for male-driven ACD and cascade ACD.

scholarly journals Dog colour patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danika L. Bannasch ◽  
Christopher B. Kaelin ◽  
Anna Letko ◽  
Robert Loechel ◽  
Petra Hug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Hair Cycle ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Haplotype Combination ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns

AbstractDistinctive colour patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Colour pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled. In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments. Here, we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog colour patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with Arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module probably originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years ago. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread colour variation in dogs and wolves.

Molecular phylogeny of Clibanarius Dana, 1852 from the Indo-West Pacific: evolution of pereopod colour pattern and habitat adaptation

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 799-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Kazuho Ikeo ◽  
Junichi Imoto ◽  
Wachirah Jaingam ◽  
Lily Surayya Eka Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Habitat Adaptation ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Mitochondrial 12S Rrna ◽  
Nuclear Histone ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hard Substrates

Abstract Species of hermit crabs in the genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 have adapted to various environments in the intertidal areas, including hard substrates and soft sediments. These species often bear a close morphological resemblance to each other, therefore, the colouration on the pereopods can be one of the reliable characteristics to distinguish the species. However, the evolutionary relationships among species with different colour patterns and relationships between colour patterns and habitat adaptation have not previously been investigated. Therefore, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among 19 species of Clibanarius based on mitochondrial [12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I] and nuclear [histone H3] DNA markers. The results suggest that the striped and solid colour elements have evolved multiple times independently, with the ancestral colour pattern potentially being scattered, bright colour spots with a bright colour band. Our findings also suggest that evolutionary adaptation from hard substrates to mudflats and soft sediments may have occurred at least twice.

scholarly journals Sexually dimorphic dorsal coloration in a jumping spider: testing a potential case of sex-specific mimicry

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 210308
Author(s):  
Collette Cook ◽  
Erin C. Powell ◽  
Kevin J. McGraw ◽  
Lisa A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Potential Case ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hymenopteran Insects ◽  
Predation Rates

To avoid predation, many animals mimic behaviours and/or coloration of dangerous prey. Here we examine potential sex-specific mimicry in the jumping spider Habronattus pyrrithrix . Previous work proposed that males' conspicuous dorsal coloration paired with characteristic leg-waving (i.e. false antennation) imperfectly mimics hymenopteran insects (e.g. wasps and bees), affording protection to males during mate-searching and courtship. By contrast, less active females are cryptic and display less leg-waving. Here we test the hypothesis that sexually dimorphic dorsal colour patterns in H. pyrrithrix are most effective when paired with sex-specific behaviours. We manipulated spider dorsal coloration with makeup to model the opposite sex and exposed them to a larger salticid predator ( Phidippus californicus ). We predicted that males painted like females should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control males. Likewise, females painted like males should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control females. Contrary to expectations, spiders with male-like coloration were attacked more than those with female-like coloration, regardless of their actual sex. Moreover, males were more likely to be captured, and were captured sooner, than females (regardless of colour pattern). With these unexpected negative results, we discuss alternative functional hypotheses for H. pyrrithrix colours, as well as the evolution of defensive coloration generally.

scholarly journals Scrapie-resistant sheep show certain coat colour characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. SAWALHA ◽  
L. BELL ◽  
S. BROTHERSTONE ◽  
I. WHITE ◽  
A. J. WILSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySusceptibility to scrapie is known to be associated with polymorphisms at the prion protein (PrP) gene, and this association is the basis of current selective programmes implemented to control scrapie in many countries. However, these programmes might have unintended consequences for other traits that might be associated withPrPgenotype. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenPrPgenotype and coat colour characteristics in two UK native sheep breeds valued for their distinctive coat colour patterns. Coat colour pattern, darkness and spotting andPrPgenotype records were available for 11 674 Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and 2338 Shetland sheep. The data were analysed with a log–linear model using maximum likelihood. Results showed a strong significant association ofPrPgenotype with coat colour pattern in Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and Shetland sheep and with the presence of white spotting in Shetland sheep. Animals with the ARR/ARR genotype (the most scrapie resistant) had higher odds of having a light dorsum and a dark abdomen than the reverse pattern. The implication of these associations is that selection to increase resistance to scrapie based only onPrPgenotype could result in change in morphological diversity and affect other associated traits such as fitness.

Cautery-induced colour patterns in Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
H. F. Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Precis Coenia

Cautery of the dorsal hind wing in the butterfly, Precis coenia, induces the formation of a concentric colour pattern around the site of injury. The induced pattern is identical in pigmentation to the eyespots that normally develop on this wing surface. This response to cautery also occurs, though much less dramatically, on the ventral forewing. In addition to the peculiar response to cautery, the dorsal hindwing of Precis also develops a series of unique pattern aberrations in response to coldshock. These consist of irregular elongation of the anterior eyespot along the proximodistal axis of the wing. In the most dramatic aberrations the eyespot field covers the entire anterior half of the wing surface. An analysis is presented that attempts to reconcile the effects of cautery on the Precis hindwing with the very different morphological effects of cautery on the colour pattern of Ephestia kühniella, described by Kühn & Von Engelhardt. Computer simulations reveal that the finding presented in this paper, as well as the classical work on Ephestia, can both be explained by assuming that the site of cautery becomes a sink for one of the morphogens involved in colour pattern determination. The experimental findings furthermore indicate that minor perturbations of the wing epidermis can evoke the physiological conditions that attend normal eyespot determination. It is shown that this interpretation also helps to explain the unusual pattern modifications following coldshock.

The immature stages of the genus Trepobates Uhler (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae), with an identification key to instars and the description of the nymphs of T. taylori (Kirkaldy)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2733 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANA AMANDA KONOPKO ◽  
SILVIA ANA MAZZUCCONI
Keyword(s):  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Viii And Ix ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
First Time

The egg and five instars of Trepobates are described based on examined material of T. taylori and published information of T. inermis, T. knighti, T. panamensis, T. pictus, T. subnitidus and T. trepidus. The characters most useful in identifying nymphs I– V of Trepobates are: the width of the head; the lengths of the antennae, femora 1–3, tibiae 2–3 and tarsus 2–3; the Y-shaped ecdysial line of the head; the colour patterns of the proand mesonotum; and the urosternites VIII and IX. A key to the five nymphal instars of Trepobates is provided. The five instars of T. taylori are described and illustrated for the first time, with emphasis on the morphometry and colour pattern of selected structures, and chaetotaxy of the antennae; the egg is figured and redescribed. The characters useful in identifying nymphs I–V of this species are: the colour pattern of the head; the chaetotaxy of the antennal segment I; the lengths of the antennal segment III and mesonotum; and the width of the pronotum. Differences between sexes in nymphs IV and V are presented.

scholarly journals Phenotypic variation in Heliconius erato crosses shows that iridescent structural colour is sex-linked and controlled by multiple genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie N. Brien ◽  
Juan Enciso-Romero ◽  
Andrew J. Parnell ◽  
Patricio A. Salazar ◽  
Carlos Morochz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Structural Colour ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Blue Reflectance

Bright, highly reflective iridescent colours can be seen across nature and are produced by the scattering of light from nanostructures. Heliconius butterflies have been widely studied for their diversity and mimicry of wing colour patterns. Despite iridescence evolving multiple times in this genus, little is known about the genetic basis of the colour and the development of the structures which produce it. Heliconius erato can be found across Central and South America, but only races found in western Ecuador and Colombia have developed blue iridescent colour. Here, we use crosses between iridescent and non-iridescent races of H. erato to study phenotypic variation in the resulting F 2 generation. Using measurements of blue colour from photographs, we find that iridescent structural colour is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, with strong evidence for loci on the Z sex chromosome. Iridescence is not linked to the Mendelian colour pattern locus that also segregates in these crosses (controlled by the gene cortex ). Small-angle X-ray scattering data show that spacing between longitudinal ridges on the scales, which affects the intensity of the blue reflectance, also varies quantitatively in F 2 crosses.

scholarly journals Evolutionary fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage among geographical populations in the sandy beach tiger beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202315
Author(s):  
Nayuta Yamamoto ◽  
Teiji Sota
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Tiger Beetle ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Colour Patterns

Background-matching camouflage is a widespread adaptation in animals; however, few studies have thoroughly examined its evolutionary process and consequences. The tiger beetle Chaetodera laetescripta exhibits pronounced variation in elytral colour pattern among sandy habitats of different colour in the Japanese Archipelago. In this study, we performed digital image analysis with avian vision modelling to demonstrate that elytral luminance, which is attributed to proportions of elytral colour components, is fine-tuned to match local backgrounds. Field predation experiments with model beetles showed that better luminance matching resulted in a lower attack rate and corresponding lower mortality. Using restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequence data, we analysed the dispersal and evolution of colour pattern across geographical locations. We found that sand colour matching occurred irrespective of genetic and geographical distances between populations, suggesting that locally adapted colour patterns evolved after the colonization of these habitats. Given that beetle elytral colour patterns presumably have a quantitative genetic basis, our findings demonstrate that fine-tuning of background-matching camouflage to local habitat conditions can be attained through selection by visual predators, as predicted by the earliest proponent of natural selection.

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