scholarly journals Climate variability and parent nesting strategies influence gas exchange across avian eggshells

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1953) ◽  
pp. 20210823
Author(s):  
Marie R. G. Attard ◽  
Steven J. Portugal
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Nest Microclimate ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
Eggshell Conductance

Embryo survival in birds depends on a controlled transfer of water vapour and respiratory gases through the eggshell, and this exchange is critically sensitive to the surrounding physical environment. As birds breed in most terrestrial habitats worldwide, we proposed that variation in eggshell conductance has evolved to optimize embryonic development under different breeding conditions. This is the first study to take a broad-scale macro-ecological view of avian eggshell conductance, encompassing all key avian taxonomic groups, to assess how life history and climate influence the evolution of this trait. Using whole eggs spanning a wide phylogenetic diversity of birds, we determine that body mass, temperature seasonality and whether both parents attend the nest are the main determinants of eggshell conductance. Birds breeding at high latitudes, where seasonal temperature fluctuations are greatest, will benefit from lower eggshell conductance to combat temporary periods of suspended embryo growth and prevent dehydration during prolonged incubation. The nest microclimate is more consistent in species where parents take turns incubating their clutch, resulting in lower eggshell conductance. This study highlights the remarkable functional qualities of eggshells and their importance for embryo survival in extreme climates.

Eggshell Conductance and Incubator Humidity as Factors in Embryo Survival and Poult Growth

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 830-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.L. Christensen . ◽  
M.J. Wineland . ◽  
D.T. Ort . ◽  
K.M. Mann . ◽  
E.R. Neely .
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Eggshell Conductance

scholarly journals Ground-truthing Phylotype Assignments for Antarctic Invertebrates

DNA Barcodes ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Czechowski ◽  
Laurence Clarke ◽  
Alan Cooper ◽  
Mark Stevens
Keyword(s):  
18S Rdna ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Antarctic Soils ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Artificial Dna ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Taxonomic Assignments ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Biodiversity Information

AbstractBiodiversity information from Antarctic terrestrial habitats helps conservation efforts, but the distribution and diversity particularly of microinvertebrates remains poorly understood. Springtails, mites, tardigrades, nematodes and rotifers are difficult to identify using morphological features, hence DNA-based metabarcoding methods are well suited for their study. We compared taxonomy assignments of a high throughput sequencing metabarcoding approach using one ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) and one mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I - COI) marker with morphological reference data. Specifically, we compared metabarcoding or morphological taxonomic assignments on multiple taxonomic levels in an artificial DNA blend containing Australian invertebrates, and in seven extracts of Antarctic soils containing known micro-faunal taxa. Avoiding arbitrary application of metabarcoding analysis parameters, we calibrated those parameters with metabarcoding data from non-Antarctic soils. Metabarcoding approaches employing 18S rDNA and COI markers enabled detection of small and cryptic Antarctic invertebrates, and on low taxonomic ranks 18S data outperformed COI data in this respect. Morphological taxonomy determination did not outperform metabarcoding approaches. Our study demonstrates how barcoding markers can be tested prior to their application to specific taxonomic groups, and that taxonomy fidelity of markers needs to be validated in relation to environment, taxa, and available reference information.

scholarly journals Drones as a Threat to Wildlife: YouTube Complements Science in Providing Evidence about Their Effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Rebolo-Ifrán ◽  
Maricel Graña Grilli ◽  
Sergio A Lambertucci
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
International Union ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

SummaryAlthough drones are becoming very common in the skies, most concerns about their use are not focused on their possible impact on wildlife. We used the information available from the scientific literature on the effects of drones on wildlife and complement it with Internet (YouTube) information to evaluate whether recreational activities using drones produce behavioural responses from wildlife. Scientific papers specifically evaluating the effects of drones on wildlife are scarce but increasing. Nonetheless, we found abundant videos in which many species from different taxonomic groups and multiple countries presented behavioural responses to drone overflights. Furthermore, 26% of the species that were disturbed are included in one of the International Union for Conservation of Nature categories of threat. We found that wildlife that use aerial and terrestrial habitats are more likely to show a behavioural response than those occupying aquatic habitats. The Internet is becoming a source of evidence of disturbances to wildlife that should be considered, particularly for recreational activities. We advocate for the use of technology, but argue that funding and effort should be devoted to evaluating drone impacts on wildlife. We call for educational programmes for laypeople who use drones for recreation and for more research and regulations on their use in sensitive wildlife areas.

scholarly journals Seasonal temperature and moisture changes in interior semi‐arid Spain from the last interglacial to the Late Holocene

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dongyang Wei ◽  
Penélope González-Sampériz ◽  
Graciela Gil-Romera ◽  
Sandy P. Harrison ◽  
I. Colin Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
Summer Warming ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
Mis 5

Abstract The El Cañizar de Villarquemado pollen record covers the last part of MIS 6 to the Late Holocene. We use Tolerance-Weighted Averaging Partial Least Squares (TWA-PLS) to reconstruct mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCO) and growing degree days above 0°C (GDD0) and the ratio of annual precipitation to annual potential evapotranspiration (MI), accounting for the ecophysiological effect of changing CO2 on water-use efficiency. Rapid summer warming occurred during the Zeifen-Kattegat Oscillation at the transition to MIS 5. Summers were cold during MIS 4 and MIS 2, but some intervals of MIS 3 had summers as warm as the warmest phases of MIS 5 or the Holocene. Winter temperatures declined from MIS 4 to MIS 2. Changes in temperature seasonality within MIS 5 and MIS 1 are consistent with insolation seasonality changes. Conditions became progressively more humid during MIS 5, and MIS 4 was also humid, although MIS 3 was more arid. Changes in MI and GDD0 are anti-correlated, with increased MI during summer warming intervals. Comparison with other records shows glacial-interglacial changes were not unform across the circum-Mediterranean region, but available quantitative reconstructions are insufficient to determine if east-west differences reflect the circulation-driven precipitation dipole seen in recent decades.

scholarly journals Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Fantle-Lepczyk ◽  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Ross N Cuthbert ◽  
Andrew M Kramer ◽  
Anna J Turbelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Damages And Losses

The United States has thousands of invasive species, representing a sizable, but unknown burden to the national economy. Given the potential economic repercussions of invasive species, quantifying these costs is of paramount importance both for national economies and invasion management. Here, we used a novel global database of invasion costs (InvaCost) to quantify the overall costs of invasive species in the United States across spatiotemporal, taxonomic, and socioeconomic scales. From 1960 to 2020, reported invasion costs totaled $4.52 trillion (USD 2017). Considering only observed, highly reliable costs, this total cost reached $1.22 trillion with an average annual cost of $19.94 billion/year. These costs increased from $2.00 billion annually between 1960-1969 to $21.08 billion annually between 2010-2020. Most costs (73%) were related to resource damages and losses ($896.22 billion), as opposed to management expenditures ($46.54 billion). Moreover, the majority of costs were reported from invaders from terrestrial habitats ($643.51 billion, 53%) and agriculture was the most impacted sector ($509.55 billion). From a taxonomic perspective, mammals ($234.71 billion) and insects ($126.42 billion) were the taxonomic groups responsible for the greatest costs. Considering the apparent rising costs of invasions, coupled with increasing numbers of invasive species and the current lack of cost information for most known invaders, our findings provide critical information for policymakers and managers.

scholarly journals Stable isotope record of Eemian seasonal temperature from MIS 5e tufa stromatolite; Somme Basin, Northern France

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1657-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dabkowski ◽  
J. Andrews ◽  
P. Antoine ◽  
A. Marca-Bell
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Pleistocene Climate ◽  
Maximum Water Temperature ◽  
Isotope Record ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
Mis 5E

Abstract. In many modern to sub-fossil deposits tufa formations, very well crystallised deposits called stromatolites are preserved. These are often strongly laminated deposits, the laminae linked to seasonal climatic and environmental variations. Where found in fossil tufas such deposits have huge potential as high resolution archives of Pleistocene climate. One of the first investigations of this type has been performed on a 2.5 cm-radius stromatolite from the Eemian sequence of Caours (Somme Basin, Northern France), where precise observations in thin section have been combined with intra-lamina δ18O and δ13C analyses. Independent interpretations of petrographical and geochemical data are strongly coherent and demonstrate a clear seasonal signal. Moreover, as δ18O is temperature dependent, we have quantified likely maximum water temperature variations between summer and winter at Caours. A small mismatch between the δ18O derived temperature values and the typical modern range is observed, which may reflect a real difference between modern and Eemian temperature seasonality. This study supports previous investigations performed on a laminated tufa from central Greece and clearly confirms the potential of tufa stromatolites as records of seasonal climatic information and for the quantification of riverine water temperature variations.

Eggshell Conductance of Turkey Eggs Affects Cardiac Physiology and Subsequent Embryo Survival

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1096-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.L. Christensen . ◽  
L.G. Bagley . ◽  
T. Olson . ◽  
J.L. Grimes . ◽  
D.T. Ort .
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Physiology ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Eggshell Conductance

Thermal Requirements for Maturation, Spawning, and Embryo Survival of the Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick ◽  
Bernard R. Jones ◽  
James H. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Thermal requirements for brook trout reproduction were determined at a natural day-length cycle and five constant temperatures (10–21 C) and one treatment that followed the seasonal temperature regime of Lake Superior. The optimum range for growth (unrestricted rations) and relative condition factor was 10–19 C. Survival was 90% or greater and gonad growth and secondary sexual characteristics were well developed at all temperatures. The maximum temperature at which males became functionally mature and contained motile spermatozoa was 19 C. Ovulation and spawning occurred at 16 C and lower. Water temperature had little influence on time of spawning, but had a major influence on spawning activity and egg viability. The upper median effective temperature (ET50) for the number of viable eggs spawned per female was 11.7 C. The upper median tolerance limit (TL50) for normal hatch was 12.7 C; the optimum temperature was near 6 C. Major factors influencing the number of embryos surviving to hatch were spawning and incubation temperatures and age of the embryo when exposed to test temperatures. Thermal criteria that recognize seasonal changes in their thermal requirements are recommended for self-sustaining brook trout populations.

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