scholarly journals On the thermal effects of elastic fluids

1854 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 331-332
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Elastic Fluid ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Elastic Fluids

The authors had already proved by experiments conducted on a small scale, that when dry atmospheric air, exposed to pressure, is made to percolate a plug of non-conducting porous material, a depression of temperature takes place increasing in some proportion with the pressure of the air in the receiver. The numerous sources of error which were to be apprehended in experiments of this kind conducted on a small scale, induced the authors to apply for the means of executing them on a larger scale; and the present paper contains the introductory part of their researches with apparatus furnished by the Royal Society, comprising a force pump worked by a steam-engine and capable of propelling 250 cubic inches of air per second, and a series of tubes by which the elastic fluid is conveyed through a bath of water, by which its temperature is regulated, a flange at the terminal permitting the attachment of any nozle which is desired.

William Brownrigg's papers on fire-damps

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Tomory
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Heterogeneous Mixture ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Elastic Fluid ◽  
State Of Matter ◽  
Elastic Fluids

In 1741–42, William Brownrigg prepared five papers on fire-damps for the Royal Society in which he articulated a theory of a gaseous state of matter, argued that different sorts of elastic fluid existed, and claimed that atmospheric air was a heterogeneous mixture of various elastic fluids with different properties that had only their elasticity in common. Although these papers were never published, there is a strong possibility that they influenced the later development of pneumatic chemistry, because Henry Cavendish was very probably aware of a good portion of their contents.

I. On the thermal effects of fluids in motion

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 41-42
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Porous Material ◽  
Thermal Effect ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Resisting Medium ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Elastic Fluids

A very great depression of temperature has been remarked by some observers when steam of high pressure issues from a small orifice into the open air. After the experiments we have made on the rush of air in similar circumstances, it could not he doubted that a great elevation of temperature of the issuing steam might be observed as well as the great depression usually supposed to be the only result. The method to obtain the entire thermal effect is obviously that which we have already employed in our experiments on permanently elastic fluids, viz. to transmit the steam through a porous material and to ascertain its temperature as it enters into and issues from the resisting medium. We have made a preliminary experiment of this kind which may be sufficiently interesting to place on record before proceeding to obtain more exact numerical results.

scholarly journals XXV. On the thermal effects of fluids in motion.— Part IV

1862 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Porous Plug ◽  
Pressure Side ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Elastic Fluid ◽  
The Difference

In the Second Part of these researches we have given the results of our experiments on the difference between the temperatures of an elastic fluid on the high- and low-pressure sides of a porous plug through which it was transmitted. The gases employed were atmospheric air and carbonic acid. With the former, 0°·0176 of cooling effect was observed for each pound per square inch of difference of pressure, the temperature on the high-pressure side being 17°·25. With the latter gas, 0°·0833 of cooling effect was produced per lb. of difference of pressure, the temperature on the high-pressure side being 12°·844. It was also shown that in each of the above gases the difference of the temperatures on the opposite sides of the porous plug is sensibly proportional to the difference of the pressures.

scholarly journals XIII. On the constitution of the atmosphere

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Elastic Fluid ◽  
Elastic Fluids

The fact discovered by Boyle and Marriotte, that the space occupied by air is in the inverse ratio of the pressure, is one of great importance in the doctrine of elastic fluids. It may probably not be mathematically true in extreme cases; but in those where the condensations and rarefactions do not exceed 50 or 100 times, there is reason to believe the above ratio is a very near approximation to the truth. Sir Isaac Newton has shown in the 23d prop, book ii. of the Principia, that if homogeneous particles of matter were endued with a power of repulsion in the inverse ratio of their central distances, collectively they would form an elastic fluid agreeing with atmospheric air in its mechanical properties. He does not infer from this demonstration that elastic fluids must necessarily consist of such particles; and his argument requires that the repulsive power of each particle terminate, or very nearly so, in the adjacent particles. From the scholium to this proposition, Newton was evidently aware of the difficulty of conceiving how the repulsive action of such particles could terminate so abruptly as his supposition demands; but in order to show that such cases exist in nature, he finds a parallel one in magnetism.

How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the TermAnthropocene

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Morton
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Earth Systems ◽  
Huge Data ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Great Acceleration ◽  
Geological Period

Not a day goes by in the 2010s without some humanities scholars becoming quite exercised about the termAnthropocene. In case we need reminding,Anthropocenenames the geological period starting in the later eighteenth century when, after the invention of the steam engine, humans began to deposit layers of carbon in Earth’s crust. Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer’s term has been current since 2000.1In 1945, there occurred “The Great Acceleration,” a huge data spike in the graph of human involvement in Earth systems. (The title’s Kubrick joke stems from the crustal deposition of radioactive materials since 1945.) Like Marx, Crutzen sees the steam engine as iconic. As this is written, geologists such as Jan Zalasiewicz are convincing the Royal Society of Geologists to make the term official.

VI.—The Origin of the British Trias

1910 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 460-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant

As a result of an investigation covering the Midland area, and especially from a study of the Upper Keuper of Leicestershire, the author, who has been aided in this research by a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, has arrived at the conclusion that, in so far as Great Britain is concerned, the Trias was laid down under delta conditions, during which, as in the Nile area to-day, æolian action took place, but was not responsible for deposition except locally on a small scale, and following the prevalent wind course.

scholarly journals VIII.—Note as to the Dynamical Equivalent of Temperature in Liquid Water, and the Specific Heat of Atmospheric Air and Steam, being a Supplement to a Paper On the Mechanical Action of Heat

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193
Author(s):  
William John Macquorn Rankine
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Apparent Specific Heat

(33*.) In my paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat, published in the 1st Part of the 20th Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, some of the numerical results depend upon the dynamical equivalent of a degree of temperature in liquid water. The value of that quantity which I then used, was calculated from the experiments of De la Roche and Bérard on the apparent specific heat of atmospheric air under constant pressure, as compared with liquid water.The experiments of Mr Joule on the production of heat by friction, give, for the specific heat of liquid water, an equivalent about one-ninth part greater than that which is determined from those of De la Roche and Bérard. I was formerly disposed to ascribe this discrepancy in a great measure to the smallness of the differences of temperature measured by Mr Joule, and to unknown causes of loss of power in his apparatus, such as the production of sound and of electricity; but, subsequently to the publication of my paper, I have seen the detailed account of Mr Joule's last experiments in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850, which has convinced me, that the uncertainty arising from the smallness of the elevations of temperature, is removed by the multitude of experiments (being forty on water, fifty on mercury, and twenty on cast iron); that the agreement amongst the results from substances so different, shews that the error by unknown losses of power is insensible, or nearly so; and that the necessary conclusion is, that the dynamical value assigned by Mr Joule to the specific heat of liquid water, viz.:—772 feet per degree of Fahrenheit, does not err by more than two or at the utmost, three feet; and therefore, that the discrepancy originates chiefly in the experiments of De la Roche and Bérard.

scholarly journals XL.—On the Mechanical Action of Heat

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
William John Macquorn Rankine
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
William Thomson ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Elastic Fluids ◽  
Intention To Continue

Section VI.—A Review of the Fundamental Principles of the Mechanical Theory of Heat; with Remarks on the Thermic Phenomena of Currents of Elastic Fluids, as illustrating those Principles.(Article 46.) I have been induced to write this Section, in continuation of a paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat, by the publication (in the Philosophical Magazine for December 1852, Supplementary Number) of a series of experiments by Mr Joule and Professor William Thomson, on the Thermal Effects experienced by Air in rushing through small Apertures. Although those authors express an intention to continue the experiments on a large scale, so as to obtain more precise results; yet the results already obtained are sufficient to constitute the first step towards the experimental determination of that most important function in the theory of the mechanical action of heat, which has received the name of Carnot's Function.

Thermal Effects on the Anchoring of Flexible Pipe Tensile Armors

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf O. Otte Filho ◽  
Rafael L. Tanaka ◽  
Rafael G. Morini ◽  
Rafael N. Torres ◽  
Thamise S. V. Vilela
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
System A ◽  
Flexible Pipes ◽  
Better Than

In the design of flexible pipes, predict the anchoring behavior on end fittings is always challenging. In this sense, Prysmian Surflex has developed a finite element model, which should help the end fitting design as well the prediction of the structural behavior and the acceptable maximum loads. The current model considers that the contact between armor-resin is purely cohesive and has been suitable for the design of end fittings [1] and [2]. But tests and new studies [3] and [4] indicate that only cohesive assumption would not be the best approach. Experimental data from prototype tests also show that the current model would not predict acceptable results for loads higher than those used in previous projects. This document will describe a study developed considering the friction and thermal contraction, instead of the cohesive phenomenon in the anchoring behavior analysis. Small scale tests were conducted in order to understand the anchoring relation between the resin and the wire used in the tensile armor. For this purpose, a special test device was developed to simulate an enclosure system. A parametric study was also performed to identify the cooling temperatures, coefficients of friction and contact properties parameters taken from small scale tests. The finite element model considers the thermal effects during exothermic curing. Using the new parameters obtained, a second model was developed. This model consists of only one real shaped bended wire inside an end fitting cavity. To validate the model, samples were tested on laboratory according anchoring design. The results of this round of tests were studied and corroborate the argument that use friction and thermal effects is better than use only the cohesive condition.

scholarly journals XXVII. The Bakerian Lecture.-On radiant matter spectroscopy: The detection and wide distribution of Yttrium

1883 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 891-918 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Induction Coil ◽  
Great Intensity ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Dark Space ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Appearance Changes

In March, 1881, I sent to the Royal Society a preliminary notice of some results I had obtained when working on the molecular discharge in high vacua. When the spark from a good induction coil traverses a tube having a flat aluminium pole at each end, the appearance changes according to the degree of exhaustion. Supposing atmospheric air to be the gas under exhaustion, at a pressure of about 7 millims. a narrow black space is seen to separate the luminous glow and the aluminium pole connected with the negative pole of the induction coil. As the exhaustion proceeds this dark space increases in thickness, until, at a pressure of about 0.02 millim. (between 20 and 30M.), the dark space has swollen out till it nearly fills the tube. The luminous cloud showing the presence of residual gas has almost disappeared, and the molecular discharge from the negative pole begins to excite phosphorescence on the glass where it strikes the side. There is great difference in the degree of exhaustion at which various substances begin to phosphoresce. Some refuse to glow until the exhaustion is so great that the vacuum is nearly non-conducting, whilst others begin to become luminous when the gauge is 5 or 10 millims. below the barometric level. The majority of bodies, however, do not phosphoresce till they are well within the negative dark space. This phosphorogenic phenomenon is at its maximum at about 1M., and, unless otherwise stated, the experiments now about to be described were all tried at this high degree of exhaustion. Under the influence of this discharge, which I have ventured to call radiant matter, a large number of substances emit phosphorescent light, some faintly and others with great intensity. On examining the emitted light in the spectroscope most bodies give a faint continuous spectrum, with a more or less decided concentration in one part of the spectrum, the superficial colour of the phosphorescing substance being governed by this preponderating emission in one or other part of the spectrum.

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