scholarly journals I. Researches into the nature of the involuntary muscular tissue of the urinary bladder

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 573-574
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Single Fibre ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Voluntary Muscle

In the present communication the author endeavours to show, that the involuntary muscular tissue of the bladder and the voluntary muscle in other parts of the human body have a like composition, and that Prof. Kölliker’s view, that involuntary or smooth muscle is made up of fusiform cells, is incorrect. On the contrary, the muscular substance of the bladder is composed of lengthened fibres with fixed and tendinous terminal attachments. The fasciculi of muscular fibres in the bladder are interwoven into a network, and are marked at varying intervals by tendinous intersections, like those of the Rectus abdominis on a small scale. The author terms what are usually called the ‘nuclei’ of the muscular tissue—‘corpuscles,’ and distinguishes two varieties of them, the oval and the fusiform. The latter are the more numerous, and are the rod-like nuclei of Kölliker. Two or even three of these may be observed in the length of a single fibre. If a single muscular fibre of the bladder is isolated, it will he found to terminate as in voluntary muscle; connective tissue investing not only the fibre, but each of the separate portions into which it ultimately divides.

scholarly journals XXIII. Researches into the nature of the involuntary muscular tissue of the urinary bladder

1859 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 469-477
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Muscular Structure

During the last few years anatomists have considered the muscular substance of the bladder to be composed of elongated contractile fibre-cells, each with a nucleus in it, which possess free ends, and overlap at their pointed extremities without being united or joined together. This notion of the cell-structure originated with Professor Kölliker; and it has since received very general acceptance. From the correctness of that opinion I am led to dissent by my researches; and I purpose to show in this communication to the Royal Society, that both the involuntary muscular tissue of the bladder and the voluntary muscular substance in other parts of the human body have a like composition. In a former paper to the Society (in June 1856) I made the announcement that the views now bought forward of the muscular structure of the bladder were applicable to the involuntary muscular tissue in general; but as my declaration was received with doubt, I determine to withhold its publication until I had been able to repeat my microscopical observations. Before this time I hoped to have completed the task imposed on myself, but occupation has left me leisure enough to examine thoroughly only the muscular structure of the urinary bladder. As my idea is confirmed by the result of the second examination of that viscus, I submit this paper with greater confidence to the consideration researches into the nature of the involuntary muscular tissue in other parts of the body.

On the Minute Structure of the Involuntary Muscular Tissue.

1857 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 413-428
Author(s):  
Joseph Lister
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Muscular Fibre ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
General Account ◽  
Contractile Tissue ◽  
Made In

In this paper the author, after a short general account of the different forms in which contractile tissue occurs in the human body, describes at greater length the discovery made in 1847 by Professor Kölliker, that involuntary muscular fibre is capable of being resolved into nucleated elements, supposed to be of the nature of elongated cells, and hence termed “contractile” or “muscular fibre-cells.”

scholarly journals Task space adaptation via the learning of gait controllers of magnetic soft millirobots

2021 ◽  
pp. 027836492110218
Author(s):  
Sinan O. Demir ◽  
Utku Culha ◽  
Alp C. Karacakol ◽  
Abdon Pena-Francesch ◽  
Sebastian Trimpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Bayesian Optimization ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soft Robots ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Physical Experiments ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
Task Environments

Untethered small-scale soft robots have promising applications in minimally invasive surgery, targeted drug delivery, and bioengineering applications as they can directly and non-invasively access confined and hard-to-reach spaces in the human body. For such potential biomedical applications, the adaptivity of the robot control is essential to ensure the continuity of the operations, as task environment conditions show dynamic variations that can alter the robot’s motion and task performance. The applicability of the conventional modeling and control methods is further limited for soft robots at the small-scale owing to their kinematics with virtually infinite degrees of freedom, inherent stochastic variability during fabrication, and changing dynamics during real-world interactions. To address the controller adaptation challenge to dynamically changing task environments, we propose using a probabilistic learning approach for a millimeter-scale magnetic walking soft robot using Bayesian optimization (BO) and Gaussian processes (GPs). Our approach provides a data-efficient learning scheme by finding the gait controller parameters while optimizing the stride length of the walking soft millirobot using a small number of physical experiments. To demonstrate the controller adaptation, we test the walking gait of the robot in task environments with different surface adhesion and roughness, and medium viscosity, which aims to represent the possible conditions for future robotic tasks inside the human body. We further utilize the transfer of the learned GP parameters among different task spaces and robots and compare their efficacy on the improvement of data-efficient controller learning.

Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, TGF-β1 and TGF-β type II receptor during connective tissue contraction

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 622-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reza Ghassemifar ◽  
Roy W. Tarnuzzer ◽  
Nasser Chegini ◽  
Erkki Tarpila ◽  
Gregory S. Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Muscle Actin ◽  
Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Tissue Contraction ◽  
Tgf Β1

scholarly journals Stretch-induced Calcium Release in Smooth Muscle

2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangju Ji ◽  
Robert J. Barsotti ◽  
Morris E. Feldman ◽  
Michael I. Kotlikoff
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Bladder Smooth Muscle ◽  
Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
Longitudinal Stretch

Smooth muscle cells undergo substantial increases in length, passively stretching during increases in intraluminal pressure in vessels and hollow organs. Active contractile responses to counteract increased transmural pressure were first described almost a century ago (Bayliss, 1902) and several mechanisms have been advanced to explain this phenomenon. We report here that elongation of smooth muscle cells results in ryanodine receptor–mediated Ca2+ release in individual myocytes. Mechanical elongation of isolated, single urinary bladder myocytes to ∼120% of slack length (ΔL = 20) evoked Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in the form of single Ca2+ sparks and propagated Ca2+ waves. Ca2+ release was not due to calcium-induced calcium release, as release was observed in Ca2+-free extracellular solution and when free Ca2+ ions in the cytosol were strongly buffered to prevent increases in [Ca2+]i. Stretch-induced calcium release (SICR) was not affected by inhibition of InsP3R-mediated Ca2+ release, but was completely blocked by ryanodine. Release occurred in the absence of previously reported stretch-activated currents; however, SICR evoked calcium-activated chloride currents in the form of transient inward currents, suggesting a regulatory mechanism for the generation of spontaneous currents in smooth muscle. SICR was also observed in individual myocytes during stretch of intact urinary bladder smooth muscle segments. Thus, longitudinal stretch of smooth muscle cells induces Ca2+ release through gating of RYR. SICR may be an important component of the physiological response to increases in luminal pressure in smooth muscle tissues.

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