scholarly journals On the elimination of alcohol

1872 ◽  
Vol 20 (130-138) ◽  
pp. 268-277
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion

Previous to the year 1860 it was the generally received opinion that the greater portion of any alcohol taken was oxidized in the system, and only small fraction eliminated unaltered. In that year, however, Messrs. Perrin and Lallemand published an elaborate memoir on the subject, in which they maintained that all, or at least nearly all, the alcohol taken is eliminated. unaltered. This opinion was soon very generally adopted, notwithstanding the fact that Messrs. Perrin and Lallemand never succeeded in recovering, from the excretions, more than a very small fraction of the alcohol consumed, although very large doses were frequently given. However, the missing alcohol was easily accounted for as loss, occasioned by its ready volatility. Soon after Dr. Anstie took up the subject, and, on the strength of numerous qualitative experiments, arrived at the conclusion, which he was the first to publish in this country, that the originally received opinion was correct, viz. that a small portion only of any alcohol taken is eliminated unaltered. After this, Dr. Thudichum and the author in this country, and Ichulinus abroad, undertook a number of quantitative experiments which proved that a minute fraction only of the alcohol taken is eliminated through the kidneys. Owing to these researches, general opinion gradually reverted to the original notion.

scholarly journals III. On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually ex­isting in the stomachs of animals

1824 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Acid ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gastric Fluids ◽  
General Opinion

That a free, or at least an unsaturated acid usually exists in the stomachs of animals, and is in some manner connected with the important process of digestion, seems to have been the general opinion of physiologists till the time of Spallanzani. This illustrious philosopher concluded, from his nume­rous experiments, that the gastric fluids, when in a perfectly natural state, are neither acid nor alkaline. Even Spallanzani, however, admitted that the contents of the stomach are very generally acid ; and this accords not only with my own observation, but with that, I believe, of almost every indivi­dual who has made any experiments on the subject. With respect to the nature of this acid, very various opinions have been entertained. Some of the older chemists seem to have considered it as an acid, sui generis ; by others it was supposed to be the phosphoric, the acetic, the lactic acid, &c. No less various have been the opinions respecting After I had discovered the principal fact related in this paper, I was surprized to find how nearly Scopoli had come to the same conclusion. He did not indeed come to the conclusion, as far as I can ascertain, that free muriatic acid exists in the stomach, but he advanced the opinion, that the muriatic acid, in union with ammonia, found in such abundance in the stomach of ruminating animals, is secreted by that organ itself. The only account of Scopoli’s experiments I have seen is in Johnson’s Animal Chemistry, i. 183. its origin and use ; some supposing that it is derived from the stomach itself, and is essential to the digestive process; others, that it is derived from the food, or is a result of fementation, &c. ; in short, there seems to be no physiological subject so imperfectly understood, or concerning which there has been such a variety of opinions.

scholarly journals XX.—On the Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Manganese-Steel

1890 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Crichton Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Made In

Until a few years ago it was the general opinion among metallurgists that the presence of manganese in steel exceeding the proportion of 1 per cent, is prejudicial to the value of the steel, inasmuch as a higher percentage of manganese has the effect of lowering markedly its tensile strength and toughness. But in 1884, Messrs Hadfield & Company, of the Hecla Steel Works, Sheffield, exhibited, at a meeting of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, a number of samples of steel containing upwards of 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, and submitted the results of experiments, which showed that the samples were, in point of tensile strength and hardness, in no way inferior to steel. Again, in 1888, Mr R. A. Hadfield read to the Institute a paper on the subject, giving the details of a large number of tests, which brought to light some interesting mechanical properties of alloys of manganese and iron. Since its introduction, these alloys (and particularly that containing 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, known as “manganese-steel”) have been studied by several physicists, and further peculiarities have been found. It appeared desirable that the thermal conductivity of so peculiar a substance should be investigated. The present paper is an account of experiments made in the Physical Laboratory, Edinburgh University, with a view to the determination of its thermal conductivity. In the reduction of such experiments a knowledge of the specific heat is necessary, hence there is also given an account of experiments whereby the specific heat was determined.

scholarly journals The udder as a possible source of coliform organisms in milk

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
General Opinion

1. It seems to be the general opinion of veterinary contributors on the subject that infection of the udder with coliform organisms is rapidly followed by clinical symptoms of mastitis, and marked changes in the appearance of the secretion. There would therefore appear to be little danger of contamination of bulk milk from such sources except during the few hours between infection and the appearance of the clinical symptoms.2. Injury to the teats or quarters may result in infection of milk with coliform organisms owing to the difficulty of thorough cleaning of the malformed tissue.3. Several cases of infection of quarters in the entire absence of clinical or other symptoms of disease have been cited. There is no evidence that such cases can be classed as subclinical forms of the disease as is the case in streptococcic mastitis. The evidence in two cases cited indicates that milk drawn from a quarter can remain infected with coliform organisms for a considerable period with no apparent clinical or other symptoms of disease.4. There is sufficient evidence to warrant the examination of quarter samples in cases where infection of bulk milk with coliform organisms from other more common sources appears to be unlikely.

scholarly journals The perturbations of the Bielid meteors

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (510) ◽  
pp. 266-270
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Meteor Stream ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion

In the calculations, the results of which are embodied in this paper, it is assumed that in the apparition of the Bielid Meteors noted in November, 1885, we have an observation of the main part of the stream. It is also assumed that the periodic time of the stream is 6⅔ years, as appears to be now the general opinion of the chief authorities on the subject, and which agrees closely with the periodic time found for the associated comet. On these assumptions we ought again to encounter the central part, or at least a neighbouring segment of the stream, close to the central part, in November of the present year. It accordingly became a matter of interest to determine the perturbations to which the segment of the meteor stream, encountered in November, 1885, has been subjected in the interval, in order to ascertain the possibility or otherwise of an encounter with the same segment next November, especially as it was known that this segment of the stream was in close proximity to Jupiter during 1900-01.

Notes on Hygiene Books used in Africa

Africa ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Brackett ◽  
M. Wrong
Keyword(s):  
Executive Council ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Model Texts ◽  
General Opinion

The Institute has always placed the question of the provision of suitable text-books both in the vernacular and in the language of the European power in the different territories in the forefront of its subjects of study as being one of the most urgent needs in Africa to-day. Numerous discussions and inquiries have shown that adequate instruction in hygiene and the inculcation of simple health rules is one of the most pressing needs, and that work done in one area is often unknown in others. In consequence the Executive Council in 1929 devoted special attention to the question of what action could be taken which would assist in the solution of this problem. The general opinion was that the information at the disposal of the Institute showed the need of a survey of books in actual use. This would, it was hoped, provide material which would be useful in the preparation of model texts in which particular attention would be devoted to the method of presenting the subject to Africans. The Council decided that the survey should be divided into two parts, one of books published in English or in a vernacular used in British territories and another of books published in French or languages used in French-speaking areas, and that the information collected should form the basis of articles to be published in Africa.

EXISTENTIAL IMPORT IN AVICENNA'S MODAL LOGIC

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saloua Chatti
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Existential Import ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
General Opinion

AbstractIn this paper, I raise the following problem: what propositions have an import in Avicenna's modal logic? Which ones do not? Starting from the assumption that the singular and quantified propositions have an import if they require the existence of their subject's referent(s) to be true, I first discuss the import of the absolute propositions then I analyze the import of the modal propositions by considering Avicenna's definitions and the relations between these propositions. This leads to the following results: Avicenna's general opinion is that the affirmatives, be they assertoric or modal, have an import while the negatives do not. The possible affirmative propositions are given an import both in the externalist and the internalist post-Avicennan readings, provided that the subject is not impossible. However, the theory is not always clear, for the propositions containing ‘sometimes not’ are given an import, together with the negative necessaries containing ‘as long as it is P’, despite their negative character; the necessary affirmative propositions containing ‘as long as it is P’ are given an import, although they do not require it. In addition, Avicenna's analysis of the special assertorics E and O (containing the internal conditions ‘at some times but not always’) and their contradictories is erroneous, which does not help determine their import. But when correctly analyzed, these special E and O do not have an import, while their contradictories – I and A special assertorics respectively – have an import.

scholarly journals Negative Policy Values

1875 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
J. J. W. Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
General Question ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
A Company ◽  
General Opinion

The subject of Negative Policy Values has recently been touched upon, more than once, in actuarial discussions, and its bearing upon the general question of insolvency is now beginning to be realized.That the reserve made by many companies is reduced, by the appearance of some of their policy values as assets instead of as liabilities, is a fact well known, and difference of opinion no doubt exists as to the propriety of such a state of affairs. Although I believe it may be assumed, that the general opinion of competent judges is, that so long as a company is popular, and its valuations otherwise strong, the existence of a moderate amount of negative values among its assets is of small importance,—it is important to bear in mind that these negative values can only be realized under favorable circumstances, and at the first symptoms of unpopularity in a company they begin to disappear. Whenever, therefore, the popularity of an office is on the wane, the extent of negative policy values taken credit for by it, in its reserve, becomes a matter of vital importance. Or, in other words, to those companies which do not require assistance from such a source, credit may be given for negative values; but to those companies which do require such assistance in showing sufficient funds, it is at least doubtful whether such credit should be given; and this, because the realization of negative values depends so entirely on the credit of the office.

Intonation in present-day North Indian classical music

1963 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Jairazbhoy ◽  
A. W. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Indian Classical Music ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Indian Music ◽  
General Opinion

Most Sanskrit texts dealing with Indian music refer to 7 svaras (notes) and 22 śrutis (intervals ? microtones ?) which are said to be the basis of Indian music. Many modern writers in Western as well as the vernacular languages consider that śrutis refer to the microtonal variations in particular notes from one rāga to another. In order to convey the general opinion on the subject of intonation, we quote from Alain Daniélou, a prominent writer on North Indian music:‘It is impossible to sing the complete scale of the shrutis accurately in succession (as some singers pretend to do), but they can all be sung with perfect accuracy when they are embodied in expressive scales’.

VI. Experiments made with a view to ascertain the principle on which the action of the heart depends, and the relation which subsists between that organ and the nervous system

1815 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 65-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Nervous Influence

The following experiments were begun with a view to as­ certain the manner in which certain poisons act in destroying life. I soon found that, in order to make any considerable progress in such an inquiry, it is necessary to ascertain how far the powers of the nervous and sanguiferous systems di­rectly depend on each other. There seems never to have been any difference of opinion respecting the direct depend­ence of the nervous on the sanguiferous system. When the powers of circulation are increased or diminished, the nervous system always suffers a corresponding change, nor can the latter, under any circumstances, continue to perform its functions after the former are destroyed. I speak of the warm blooded animals. In cold blooded animals the process of dying is so slow, that the functions of the nervous system abate very gradually, after the circulation has wholly ceased. The converse of the above proposition is by no means so generally admitted. It is evident that certain changes of the nervous, produce corresponding changes in the sanguiferous, system ; yet, while some assert, that the action of the heart depends as immediately on the brain, as that of the latter does on the heart, others maintain, that the nervous power may be wholly destroyed without impairing the vigour of this organ. This point it is necessary to determine, before we can trace with precision the modus operandi of poisons. The following inquiry therefore may be divided into two parts. In the first, I shall endeavour to ascertain how far the power of the heart is influenced by the state of the nervous system; in the other, by what steps certain poisons destroy the powers of both. This I shall reserve for another paper, and here confine my­self to the first part of the subject. Till the time of Haller, it seems to have been the general opinion, that the muscles derive their power from the nervous system. He taught, that the power of the muscles depends on their mechanism, that the nervous influence is merely a stimulus which calls it into action, and consequently that those muscles, the heart for example, which act only by the appli­cation of one peculiar stimulus, unconnected with the nervous system, are wholly independent of it. This opinion seemed confirmed by its being generally admitted, that the action of the heart continues after it is removed from the body, and that it cannot be influenced by stimulating the brain, or spinal marrow, or the nerves which terminate in it. Haller and his followers maintain, that there are two distinct vital powers, one of the nervous and another of the sanguiferous system.

Frankfurt

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 3-110
Keyword(s):  
Government Support ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion

I found on arriving here the general opinion to be that the Declaration of the Duke of Brunswick, although tardy and ungracious, and although couched in such obscure terms as to be hardly intelligible, would nevertheless be accepted. The Hanoverian Minister spoke to me in this sense, and the Committee which is to report to the Diet on the Declaration and which consists of the President, the Prussian, the Bavarian, the Saxon, and the Baden Ministers, has determined by three against two to recommend that the satisfaction be deemed sufficient. The minority, however, (Prussia and Baden) are very strong in their sense of the insufficiency of the atonement, and I was informed last night by the Hanoverian Minister that he had received fresh instructions directing him to require a more complete and less exceptionable submission on the part of the Duke of Brunswick to the sentence of the Diet. Before my conversation with Baron Stralenheim had ended, we were joined by the Baden Minister who expressed strongly his opinion of the insufficiency of the satisfaction, and stated his intention and that of more who thought with him to urge their view of the subject on the Diet. He ended by saying: ‘We are now going to put ourselves forward in opposition to Austria and to draw upon ourselves her ill will for you and for your cause. Will your Government support us and see us through?’I replied ‘I am in this affair the Auxiliary of the Hanoverian Minister, and therefore to him I must refer you.’

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