scholarly journals III. On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually ex­isting in the stomachs of animals

1824 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Acid ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Digestive Process ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gastric Fluids ◽  
General Opinion

That a free, or at least an unsaturated acid usually exists in the stomachs of animals, and is in some manner connected with the important process of digestion, seems to have been the general opinion of physiologists till the time of Spallanzani. This illustrious philosopher concluded, from his nume­rous experiments, that the gastric fluids, when in a perfectly natural state, are neither acid nor alkaline. Even Spallanzani, however, admitted that the contents of the stomach are very generally acid ; and this accords not only with my own observation, but with that, I believe, of almost every indivi­dual who has made any experiments on the subject. With respect to the nature of this acid, very various opinions have been entertained. Some of the older chemists seem to have considered it as an acid, sui generis ; by others it was supposed to be the phosphoric, the acetic, the lactic acid, &c. No less various have been the opinions respecting After I had discovered the principal fact related in this paper, I was surprized to find how nearly Scopoli had come to the same conclusion. He did not indeed come to the conclusion, as far as I can ascertain, that free muriatic acid exists in the stomach, but he advanced the opinion, that the muriatic acid, in union with ammonia, found in such abundance in the stomach of ruminating animals, is secreted by that organ itself. The only account of Scopoli’s experiments I have seen is in Johnson’s Animal Chemistry, i. 183. its origin and use ; some supposing that it is derived from the stomach itself, and is essential to the digestive process; others, that it is derived from the food, or is a result of fementation, &c. ; in short, there seems to be no physiological subject so imperfectly understood, or concerning which there has been such a variety of opinions.

scholarly journals XIII. Additional experiments on the muriatic and oxymuriatic acids

1812 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Original Volume ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The experiments, which form the subject of the following pages, are intended as supplementary to a more extensive series, which the Royal Society did me the honour to insert in their Transactions for the year 1800. Of the general accu­racy of those experiments, I have since had no reason to doubt; and their results, indeed, are coincident with those of subsequent writers of the highest authority in chemistry. My attention has been again drawn to the subject by the impor­tant controversy which has lately been carried on between Mr. Murray and Mr. John Davy respecting the nature of mu­riatic and oxymuriatic acids; and I have been induced, by some hints which the discussion has suggested, not only to repeat the principal experiments described in my memoir, but to institute others, with the advantage of a more perfect appa­ratus than I then possessed, and of greater experience in the management of these delicate processes. This repetition of my former labours has discovered to me an instance, in which I have failed in drawing the proper con­clusion from facts. In two comparative experiments on the electrization of equal quantities of muriatic acid gas, the one of which was dried by muriate of lime, and the other was in its natural state, I found a difference of not more than one percent , in the hydrogen evolved, relatively to the original bulk of the gas. Yet, notwithstanding these results, I have expressed myself inclined to believe that some water is abstracted by that deliquescent salt; and this belief was confirmed, seve­ral years afterwards, by the event of an experiment in which muriatic acid gas, dried by muriate of lime, gave only 1/35 its bulk of hydrogen, a proportion much below the usual ave­rage. The question, however, was too interesting to be left in any degree of uncertainty; and I have, therefore, made several fresh experiments with the view to its decision. In the course of these I have found, that though differences in the results are produced by causes apparently trivial, some of which I shall afterwards point out, yet that under equal circumstances, precisely the same relative proportion of hy­drogene gas is obtained from muriatic acid gas, whether ex­posed or not to muriate of lime; and that its greatest amount does not exceed 1/16 or 1/14 the original volume of the acid gas.

M. Ishtiaq, Language shifts among the scheduled tribes in India: A geographical study. (MLBD Series in Linguistics.) Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, Pp. xii, 183. Rs 450. $32.00.

2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-335
Author(s):  
Roland J.-L. Breton
Keyword(s):  
Language Shift ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Geographical Study ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
Local Languages

This book, by a geographer, is a rather complete study of the linguistic behavior of an important population group, the so-called Scheduled Tribes of India, numbering 68 million people in 1991, and more than 90 million today, i.e. as much as the population of Germany – but a population split into distinct units, spread in various patches of territory all over India, where they speak more than 60 indigenous languages. Spatially and culturally divided, they have also long been socially marginalized, and despite many official schemes of development, they are still undergoing a very important process of deculturation. The most noticeable manifestation of this process – the language shift that is the subject of this book – had, at the period of the author's fieldwork, already affected nearly 60% of this population and is leading to the gradual disappearance of local languages in many places.

scholarly journals XX.—On the Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat of Manganese-Steel

1890 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Crichton Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Made In

Until a few years ago it was the general opinion among metallurgists that the presence of manganese in steel exceeding the proportion of 1 per cent, is prejudicial to the value of the steel, inasmuch as a higher percentage of manganese has the effect of lowering markedly its tensile strength and toughness. But in 1884, Messrs Hadfield & Company, of the Hecla Steel Works, Sheffield, exhibited, at a meeting of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, a number of samples of steel containing upwards of 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, and submitted the results of experiments, which showed that the samples were, in point of tensile strength and hardness, in no way inferior to steel. Again, in 1888, Mr R. A. Hadfield read to the Institute a paper on the subject, giving the details of a large number of tests, which brought to light some interesting mechanical properties of alloys of manganese and iron. Since its introduction, these alloys (and particularly that containing 10 to 15 per cent, of manganese, known as “manganese-steel”) have been studied by several physicists, and further peculiarities have been found. It appeared desirable that the thermal conductivity of so peculiar a substance should be investigated. The present paper is an account of experiments made in the Physical Laboratory, Edinburgh University, with a view to the determination of its thermal conductivity. In the reduction of such experiments a knowledge of the specific heat is necessary, hence there is also given an account of experiments whereby the specific heat was determined.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AT A FOURTH-GENERATION UNIVERSITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y NESTEROV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
The Subject

The article summarizes the results obtained by the author over the past five years in the analysis of solutions to the problem of knowledge management in universities of different generations. The problem under discussion is a change in the functions of a modern University caused by external and internal reasons, which affects the purpose of the University's activities and entails a number of significant risks. Objective of the article is to consider the knowledge management system as a directed meaningful work with the boundaries of beliefs, procedures for determining and justifying their truth in the framework of the University's solution of the problem of ideological transformation of the individual, his transfer from the natural state to the socio-cultural context of the second and third artificial nature. The research methodology is described as a philosophical reflection and includes the neo-Hegelian model of development as a process of self-awareness of the subject, which leads to the formation of new management structures within the subject, the concept of philosophical inventions of I.I. Lapshin, the distinction between hierarchical, network and environmental management schemes in the theory of V.E. Lepsky. The results presented in the article consist in analyzing the mechanisms of University development from the first generation to the fourth, in modeling knowledge management procedures that include training, research, commercial application and development of ontologies, in explicating global and local risks that arise in the current situation of implementing the "entrepreneurial University" model. In conclusion , the task of large-scale discussion of the concept of a fourth-generation University that meets the national interests of Russia is formulated.

scholarly journals L’albero della conoscenza: la dialettica del mito eterno dell’uomo secondo Hegel

Problemata ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Martina Barnaba
Keyword(s):  
Natural State ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Phenomenology Of Spirit ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Tree Of Knowledge ◽  
Genesis 3 ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Hegelian Philosophy

This paper aims to investigate the dialectical nature of the myth of original sin as described by Hegel. For introductory purposes, I will briefly highlight the process by which Hegelian philosophy operates the translation from religious representation to concept, demonstrating how this reading is at the basis of the interpretation of the myth. Then I will analyze the functioning of the dialectical movements of the biblical episode of Genesis 3 within the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, in order to discuss the issues of good and evil, innocence and guilt, will and arbitrariness. In this reconstruction the dialectic will emerge in its importance as a structure that permeates human consciousness as well as reality in general. In the specific case of the tree of knowledge, we will witness the concretization of this eternal conciliation of contradictions in two specific areas, which will be treated in the last section: the question of evil on the one hand, which will be demonstrated as a necessary negative element that triggers the dialectical movement itself, and the question of freedom on the other, which will appear as the result of the emancipation of the subject from the natural state in which he finds himself in the so-called "garden of animals".

scholarly journals The Effect of Citrulline Supplementation on Lactic Acid Blood Level and Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) in Submaximal Physical Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Ibrah Fastabiqi ◽  
Elyana Asnar ◽  
Harlina Harlina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject

An achievement in sport is one of the benchmarks of success of every athlete. One of the causes of the performance degradation is fatigue due to the formation of lactic acid. Supplements are proved to improve the performance in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of citrulline supplementation on lactic acid levels and oxygen saturation on submaximal physical activity. Fatigue can be seen from lactic acid levels in subjects who have performed physical activity. This research method used randomized group pretest postest group design. The subjects used were male students of pencak silat airlangga university, and divided into two groups. The first group was given placebo and the second group was given citrulline. Each group was given the same treatment of three minutes of submaximal physical activity using an ergocycle. Before and after doing the activity the blood lactic acid and oxygen saturation of the subject was checked. The result of the data showed that lactic acid and oxygen saturation in both groups had p<0,05. Citrulline supplementation had effect on lactic acid and oxygen saturation. The results of the research showed that the group given with citrulline had significant effect on lactic acid and oxygen saturation before and after treatment.

scholarly journals The udder as a possible source of coliform organisms in milk

1939 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
General Opinion

1. It seems to be the general opinion of veterinary contributors on the subject that infection of the udder with coliform organisms is rapidly followed by clinical symptoms of mastitis, and marked changes in the appearance of the secretion. There would therefore appear to be little danger of contamination of bulk milk from such sources except during the few hours between infection and the appearance of the clinical symptoms.2. Injury to the teats or quarters may result in infection of milk with coliform organisms owing to the difficulty of thorough cleaning of the malformed tissue.3. Several cases of infection of quarters in the entire absence of clinical or other symptoms of disease have been cited. There is no evidence that such cases can be classed as subclinical forms of the disease as is the case in streptococcic mastitis. The evidence in two cases cited indicates that milk drawn from a quarter can remain infected with coliform organisms for a considerable period with no apparent clinical or other symptoms of disease.4. There is sufficient evidence to warrant the examination of quarter samples in cases where infection of bulk milk with coliform organisms from other more common sources appears to be unlikely.

scholarly journals On the elimination of alcohol

1872 ◽  
Vol 20 (130-138) ◽  
pp. 268-277
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
General Opinion

Previous to the year 1860 it was the generally received opinion that the greater portion of any alcohol taken was oxidized in the system, and only small fraction eliminated unaltered. In that year, however, Messrs. Perrin and Lallemand published an elaborate memoir on the subject, in which they maintained that all, or at least nearly all, the alcohol taken is eliminated. unaltered. This opinion was soon very generally adopted, notwithstanding the fact that Messrs. Perrin and Lallemand never succeeded in recovering, from the excretions, more than a very small fraction of the alcohol consumed, although very large doses were frequently given. However, the missing alcohol was easily accounted for as loss, occasioned by its ready volatility. Soon after Dr. Anstie took up the subject, and, on the strength of numerous qualitative experiments, arrived at the conclusion, which he was the first to publish in this country, that the originally received opinion was correct, viz. that a small portion only of any alcohol taken is eliminated unaltered. After this, Dr. Thudichum and the author in this country, and Ichulinus abroad, undertook a number of quantitative experiments which proved that a minute fraction only of the alcohol taken is eliminated through the kidneys. Owing to these researches, general opinion gradually reverted to the original notion.

scholarly journals On the oils produced by the action of sulphuric acid upon various classes of vegetables

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 939-941 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Subject

Nearly thirty years ago Dobereiner observed, when preparing formic acid by distilling a mixture of starch, peroxide of manganese and sulphuric acid, that the liquid which passed into the receiver contained a small quantity of oil which rendered it turbid. To this oil Dobereiner gave the fanciful name of “ artificial oil of ants,” though the very limited quantity in which he was able to procure it prevented him from determining almost any of its properties. The author’s attention was first directed to the subject in 1840, when he found that the oxide of manganese was unnecessary, and that the oil could be readily prepared by operating on most vegetable substances with either sulphuric or muriatic acid. The oil, on analysis, was found to have the formula C 15 H 6 O 6 , and to contain oxygen and hydrogen in the proportions to form water, while all other oils and fats contain an excess of hydrogen.

On a combination of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen gas

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 393-394
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oxygen Gas

The author, having observed the properties of oxymuriatic gas to be different in consequence of its being prepared in different modes, was endeavouring to determine the nature of these differences, and the causes on which they depend, when he discovered the very singular compound which is the subject of the present paper. For the formation of this compound, he pours a small quantity of dilute muriatic acid upon a large quantity of hyperoxymuriate of potash. A gas is then disengaged, which is capable of being absorbed by water, but may be collected over mercury. It is of a bright yellow colour, approaching to orange, and has nearly the specific gravity of oxymuriatic gas. It often explodes while collecting, in consequence of heat gene­rated; and it may always be made to explode by the heat of the hand, with instantaneous extrication of heat and light. After explosion the gas is found to oceupy about one sixth part more hulk than before. From the gas so exploded, oxymuriatic gas may be absorbed by water, and there remains about one third part of oxygen.

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