V. Experimental degenerations following unilateral lesions of the cortex cerebri in the bonnet monkey ( Macacus Sinicus )

1895 ◽  
Vol 58 (347-352) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Bonnet Monkey ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The object of this investigation was to trace by the so-called anatomical method the degeneration resulting from minute lesions of the motor area of the cortex cerebri through the brain and spinal cord, to locate the path of the conducting fibres in the internal capsule and elsewhere, to follow them as far as possible to their destinations, and by such control observations to check off the results obtained by previous excitation experiments.

scholarly journals I. Preliminary note on bilateral degeneration in the spinal cord of monkeys ( Macacus sinicus ) following unilateral lesion of the cortex cerebri

1894 ◽  
Vol 55 (331-335) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Unilateral Lesion ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Corona Radiata ◽  
Bonnet Monkey ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
The Brain

Having for some time been engaged in an investigation of the question as to how far the fibres of each pyramid descend both halves of the spinal cord, I am in a position to state that in the bonnet monkey ( Macacus sinicus ) the following arrangement prevails. Method of Investigation .—The animal being etherised, and the left hemisphere of the brain exposed by a single trephine hole (sometimes enlarged afterwards), a small portion of the excitable area of the motor cortex was selected as detailed below, the selection being confirmed in each case by electrical stimulation. A small piece of the cortex, about 0.4 cm. square, constituting the focus of the movement observed, was removed, care being taken to remove also a little of the underlying corona radiata to be sure that no cortex was left.

scholarly journals III. An experimental investigation into the arrangement of the excitable fibres of the internal capsule of the bonnet monkey (macacus sinicus)

1890 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 49-88 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Pyramidal Tract ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Bonnet Monkey ◽  
Cortex Cerebri

In the following paper we propose to give the results of a research on which we have been engaged nearly three years, and by which we hoped to elucidate the arrangement of the motor fibres in the internal capsule. The fibres which connect the excitable areas in the cortex cerebri with the bulbospinal grey matter in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord are commonly spoken of as forming the pyramidal tract .

V. A contribution to the study of descending degenerations in the brain and spinal cord, and of the seat of origin and paths of conduction of the fits in absinthe epilepsy

1894 ◽  
Vol 55 (331-335) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Complete Section ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

For the purposes of this research, the following are the experiments which have been performed in the cat:— I. Lesions after which Animal was Kept Alive . 1. Removal of one complete cerebral hemisphere in 40 cats. 2. Removal of motor area only in 4 cats. 3. Division of the crus cerebri in 2 cats. 4. Removal of a lobe of the cerebellum in 10 cats. 5. Hemisection of the spinal cord in 4 cats. 6. Complete section of the spinal cord in 2 cats.

scholarly journals Localisation of function in the lemur’s brain

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (537) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The brain of the Lemur, the lowest of the ape-like animals, does not appear to have been subjected previously to a thorough examination. Page May and Elliott Smith brought a brief communication on the subject before the Cambridge Meeting of the British Association in 1904. Their experiments were apparently limited to stimulation of the cerebral cortex, and they have never published a full account of their work. Brodmann has worked out some of the histological details of the structure of the cortex cerebri, and Max Volsch has performed a stimulation experiment upon one Lemur. The work of these investigators will be referred to again in the course of this paper. Our own investigation has in the main dealt with the motor centres, and the experimental methods adopted have been the usual ones of stimulation and extirpation. In animals so low in the scale, stimulation is to be regarded as the more decisive of the two methods for the purpose of localisation. The extirpation experiments have, however, confirmed the results of stimulation, and in these experiments the course of the resulting degeneration was followed by histological examination of the brain and spinal cord. The results, moreover, agree remarkably closely with those obtained by a study of the histological structure of the various regions of the cortex cerebri.

scholarly journals Characterization of microglial transcriptomes in the brain and spinal cord of mice in early and late experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a RiboTag strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaona Acharjee ◽  
Paul M. K. Gordon ◽  
Benjamin H. Lee ◽  
Justin Read ◽  
Matthew L. Workentine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

AbstractMicroglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.

scholarly journals CTNI-03. IMAGING FEATURES OF LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: A SINGLE-CENTER REAL-WORLD STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii41-ii41
Author(s):  
Junjie Zhen ◽  
Lei Wen ◽  
Shaoqun Li ◽  
Mingyao Lai ◽  
Changguo Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Type A ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Mri Examination ◽  
Mri Features ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND According to EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines, the MRI findings of LM are divided into 4 types, namely linear enhancement (type A), nodular enhancement (type B), linear combined with nodular enhancement (type C), and sign of hydrocephalus (type D). METHODS The MRI features of brain and spinal cord in patients diagnosed with NSCLC-LM in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital from 2010 until 2019 were investigated, and then were classified into 4 types. The imaging features were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age of the patients was 53.5 years old, and the median time from the initial diagnosis to the confirmed diagnosis of LM was 11.6 months. The results of enhanced MRI examination of the brain in 79 cases showed that the number of cases with enhancements of type A, B, C and D were 50 (63.3%), 0, 26 (32.9%) and 3 (3.8%), respectively, and that LM with metastases to the brain parenchyma was found in 42 cases (53.2%). The results of enhanced MRI examination of spinal cord in 59 cases showed that there were only enhancements of type A and C in 40 cases (67.8%) and 3 cases (5.0%), and no enhancement sign in the other 16 cases (27.2%). CONCLUSION MRI examination of brain and spinal cord will improve the detection rate of LM. The MRI features of NSCLC-LM in real world are mainly characterized by the linear enhancements of brain and spinal cord, followed by linear combined with nodular enhancement. The enhancements of type B and type D are rare in clinic. Almost half of the patients have LM and metastases to the brain parenchyma. Therefore, the differentiation of tumor metastases is needed to be paid attention to for the early diagnosis and the formulation of reasonable treatment plans.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

scholarly journals Comparisons of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and degeneration of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in APP/PS1 and aging mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Cao ◽  
Daniel W. Fisher ◽  
Guadalupe Rodriguez ◽  
Tian Yu ◽  
Hongxin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Norepinephrine System ◽  
Protective Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important, as activation of these cell types likely contributes to both pathological and protective processes associated with all phases of the disease. During early AD pathogenesis, one of the first areas of degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), which provides broad innervation of the central nervous system and facilitates norepinephrine (NE) transmission. Though the LC-NE is likely to influence microglial dynamics, it is unclear how these systems change with AD compared to otherwise healthy aging. Methods In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the LC-NE system in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice and aged WT mice using immunofluorescence and ELISA. Results Our results demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord of APP/PS1 compared to WT mice. LC-NE neuron and fiber loss as well as reduced norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression was more evident in APP/PS1 mice, although NE levels were similar between 12-month-old APP/PS1 and WT mice. Notably, the degree of microglial activation, LC-NE nerve fiber loss, and NET reduction in the brain and spinal cord were more severe in 12-month-old APP/PS1 compared to 12- and 24-month-old WT mice. Conclusion These results suggest that elevated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice correlate with significant degeneration of the LC-NE system.

ON THE INJURIOUS EFFECT OF THE BABY CARRIAGE ON THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG (1880)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-857
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
County Medical Society ◽  
Injurious Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

On November 10, 1880, Dr. Henry H. Smith of Philadelphia read a paper before the Philadelphia County Medical Society in which he condemned the use of the baby carriage as follows: The advocates of the use of baby-carriages contend that they are beneficial by keeping an infant longer in the fresh air than can be done when it is carried by a nurse, who soon becomes fatigued. This is certainly not true in many instances, as a woman who is not strong enough to carry an infant, even if it weighs twenty-five pounds, is physically unfitted for her duty as a nurse. Such an objection is very apt to be raised by the nurses themselves, and should be regarded with suspicion by the mother. Often it is evidence of laziness or a fondness for flirtation or talking, as may be noted at any time in our parks or squares, and especially in Rittenhouse Square, where many nurses of wealthy children can be daily seen amusing themselves by the hour, totally regardless of the infant, who may be likewise seen with its head hanging out over the side of the carriage, so as to compress the veins of the neck and induce a certain degree of congestion of the brain, if it is not found in some equally-improper and injurious attitude likely to result in curvature or caries of the spine, the origin or exciting cause of which it is subsequently difficult to recognize. Another evil liable to ensue from the constant use of the baby-carriage is the jarring and concussion of the delicate brain and spinal cord of the infant, created by bouncing the carriage over gutters or up and down the curbstones of our sidewalks.... The baby-carriage mania has now reached that point in Philadelphia that an infant and a coach appear to be inseparable, and, though the cost of a baby-carriage is quite an item in the expenses of the nursery, "few there are so poor as not to do it reverence." Of course, it is admitted that there may be instances where the use of a baby-carriage occasionally by a child able to walk a little, or where the carriage permits a poor, tired mother to obtain for herself a little relaxation whilst keeping her baby in its carriage in the Park, or in the case of feeble children or those recuperating from an attack of illness, is advantageous: but, as a general rule, the anatomical and physiological facts just alluded to may be deemed as sufficient to induce physicians to give attention to the abuse of a custom that is by no means the result of necessity in the case of infants or those under twelve months of age.

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