scholarly journals X. A critical study of spectral series.—Part IV. The structure of spark spectra

1918 ◽  
Vol 217 (549-560) ◽  
pp. 361-410
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Special Care ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Way

The spectrum of an element produced by the electric spark is in general fundamentally different from that produced by the arc. The latter is marked by the predominance of groups of lines forming series associated with one another, and by lines related to these series in definite ways. In the former very few series have been discovered, the lines are very much more numerous, and the great majority are weak. Both kinds vary very much according to the way in which they are produced, and this is specially the case with spectra produced by the spark. Even when they are produced by similar methods by different observers—as, for instance, by Eder and Valenta, and by Exner and Haschek—there will be found a large number in one not included in the other and vice versâ . It is even questionable whether it is possible to draw a distinct and definite line of demarcation between the two, e. g ., in the cases of Cu and Ba, to take two instances; the arc spectra—with very numerous lines—in many respects have analogies with those of the spark. But very little is known as to the structure of the latter, beyond the fact that in some of them sets of lines with the same frequency differences are met with. The present communication is an attempt to throw some light on this question. The material at disposal is so vast that it is necessary to limit the discussion to a few elements, and even in them to restrict it to certain relations only. The elements selected are silver and gold. It had originally been intended to include also copper and barium as illustrating the transition from one to the other kind of spectra. But their inclusion would have rendered the present communication unduly long, whilst their omission enables us to confine the discussion to the elaboration of a single principle. The reason for the selection is that the author has had occasion to study with special care for other purposes the spectra of Ag and Ba, whilst those of Au and Cu—belonging to the same group as Ag—were specially investigated to see if the results afforded by Ag were supported by them. That of Cu was also interesting, as in the arc there are a very large number of doublets and triplets discovered by Rydberg; indeed the origins of some of the frequency differences observed were first suggested by the case of Cu in which their values are comparatively small. But it required the support of the larger values afforded by Ag and Au to firmly establish the relations. Similar relations have been found in many other elements. The spectra of the rare gases from Ne to RaEm are built on a precisely similar plan, and in fact a map for some of the Kr lines was drawn many years ago on the plan of those given here for Ag and Au, although at that time the origin of the differences was not known.

VIII. A critical study of spectral series.— Part III. The atomic weight term and its import in the constitution of spectra

1914 ◽  
Vol 213 (497-508) ◽  
pp. 323-420
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Principal Series ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Relation ◽  
The One

The doublet and triplet separations in the spectra of elements are, as has long been known, roughly proportional to the squares of their atomic weights, at least whenelements of the same group of the periodic table are compared. In the formulæ which give the series lines these separations arise by certain terms being deducted from the denominator of the typical sequences. For instance, in the alkalies if the p -sequence be written N/D m 2 , where D m = m +μ+α/ m the p -sequence for the second principal series has denominator D—Δ, and we get converging doublets; whereas the constant separations for the S and D series are formed by taking S 1 (∞) = D 1 (∞) = N/D 1 2 and S 2 (∞) = D 2 (∞)= N/(D 1 —Δ) 2 . It is clear that the values of Δ for the various elements will also be roughly proportional to the squares of the atomic weights. For this reason it is convenient to refer to them as the atomic weight terms. We shall denote them by Δ in the case of doublets and Δ 1 and Δ 2 in the case of triplets, using v as before to denote the separations. Two questions naturally arise. On the one hand what is the real relation between them and the atomic weights, and on the other what relation have they to the constitution of the spectra themselves ? The present communication is an attempt to throw some light on both these problems.

scholarly journals III. A critical study of spectral series.— Part I. The alkalies H and He

1911 ◽  
Vol 210 (459-470) ◽  
pp. 57-111 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Series ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Observational Error ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Present Purpose

The following investigation was commenced some years ago, at a time when the discussion as to the atomic weight of Radium raised the question as to the dependence on their atomic weights of the wave-lengths of corresponding spectral lines of different elements of the same group. The arguments were necessarily vague and unconvincing in the absence of any exact knowledge as to the connection of wave­-length with atomic weight, even supposing such connection existed. Our knowledge of series spectra is chiefly—one might say almost wholly—due to the sets of very exact measurements of Kayser and Runge, and of Runge and Paschen, supplemented by extensions to longer and shorter wave-lengths by Bergmann, Konen and Hagenbach, Lehmann, Ram age, and Saunders. These have been only quite recently added to by Paschen and by the remarkable extension of the Sodium Principal series up to 48 terms by Wood. A most valuable feature of Kayser’s work was the publication of possible errors of observation. This has rendered it possible to test with certainty whether any relation suggesting itself is true within limits of observational error or not. In fact, without this, the investigation, of which the present communication forms a first part, could not have been carried out. So far as the author knows, Saunders is the only other observer who has accompanied his observations with estimates of this kind. Others have given probable errors—practically estimates of the exactness with which they can repeat readings of that feature of a line which they take to be the centre—an estimate of little value for the present purpose. In deducing data from a set of lines it is thus possible to express their errors in terms of the original errors in the observations, and limits to the latter give limiting variations to the former. We therefore know with certainty what latitude in inferences is permissible, and are often enabled to say that such inference is not justifiable.

The ‘reading’ of papers at meetings of Royal Society

1939 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Way

THE following letter has been received from the Secretaries of the Society for publication in the hope that it may provoke discussion on a matter of some importance to the well-being of the Society. To the Secretaries of the Royal Society. Dear Sirs, In recent years a good deal of dissatisfaction has been expressed in the Society with the way in which papers have been ‘ read ’ before it. I do not think that those who read the papers have been entirely to blame, since, as far as I know, it has never been properly considered what the purpose of the reading is. It is easy to say that when someone has made an important discovery he is to tell the Society about it, but in fact hardly one paper in a hundred of those communicated is of this class. In the remaining ninety^nine cases the paper will consist of a small advance in some field of study, often very specialized study, of which the great majority of the audience is largely ignorant, and this evidently calls for different treatment. In giving his account, the speaker is usually embarrassed by the fact that among his audience there are a few experts in his subject, while the remainder have only a rather vague knowledge of it, and he (especially if he is a young man) tends to address the experts. Moreover, he is apt to assume that he may refer to any previous work in his subject as being familiar to the whole audience. The result is that he is incomprehensible to the great majority, and on the other hand the experts can hardly be expected to pronounce critical opinions on a paper which they have not seen in detail. No useful purpose on either side is achieved by this manner of reading papers.

scholarly journals A critical study of spectral series. Part I. - The alkalies, H and He

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Observational Errors ◽  
Insight Into

It is generally recognised that one of the most hopeful means of gaining an insight into the structure of the atom is study of the spectra of the elements, and at present especially of the series spectra. Before, however, it is possible it is necessary to have a more definite knowledge of the relationships between the various series of the same element, and corresponding series in different elements. With this end in view, the author began some years ago a systematic discussion of the data accumulated, using for this purpose the estimated errors of observation on these spectra. These possible errors give limits of possible variation for the different constants involved, and permit of safe conclusions being drawn. The present communication gives the results affecting the spectra of the alkalies, hydrogen and helium. The chief results arrived at are the following:- 1. The wave numbers of any one series can practically all be represented within observational errors by a formula based on a modification of Rydberg's form, viz.:- n = A - N/( m + μ + α/m ) 2 .

scholarly journals X. A critical study of spectral series.—Part V. The spectra of the monatomic gases

1920 ◽  
Vol 220 (571-581) ◽  
pp. 335-468 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Part ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Definite Function ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Ordinary Sense ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
General Survey ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Significant Figures

The present communication has two objects. Its subject matter is an attempt to obtain some knowledge of the series relations in the spectra of the group of the monatomic rare gases Ne to Raem, whilst the methods employed will serve to illustrate the fundamental importance as instruments for further research of the new facts brought to light in the previous communications. The importance of the first object will be generally acknowledged, but it does not yet seem to be realised how definite and exact those new relationships are, even in their as yet undeveloped form, and how powerful an instrument is placed in our hands for the analysis of spectra. It may be well therefore to commence by a brief résumé of some of these laws as applied in the succeeding pages. Further, as the establishment of the results obtained must by its nature depend on the numerical comparison of a very large number of lines in all five spectra, and as this evidence must be fully set out to enable a specialist judgment to be formed on it, the communication has unfortunately become very lengthy. The mass of detail will perhaps be rather dreary to the general reader not specially interested in this line of study. It is apt also to hide by its amount and complexity the general conclusions arrived at. I propose therefore to give a slight general survey of these conclusions before giving the evidence. As is well known the wave-numbers of series lines depend on four types of sequences p(m), s(m), d(m), f(m ) , and that in any one series they depend on the differences between one sequent of one type and the successive terms of the sequence of another type. These sequences are all of the form N{ø( m )} 2 where N is Rydberg's constant and ø( m ) is of the form m +fraction, the fraction being, as a rule, determinable as a decimal to six significant figures. Our aim is to discover the properties of these functions. The fractional part depends in some way on the order m , although whether it can be considered a definite function of m in the ordinary sense is doubtful. This fractional part will be referred to as the mantissa, and in dealing with it, it will be regarded as multiplied by 10 6 , i. e ., as if the decimal point were removed.

scholarly journals A critical study of spectral series. Part III.—The atomic weight term and its import in the constitution of spectra

1913 ◽  
Vol 89 (608) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Spectral Series ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Actual Relation ◽  
Universal Application

The wave numbers of the lines in a spectrum which form any of the recognised series can be calculated, as is well known, from an expression of the form n = N/D 1 2 — N/D m 2 , where N = 109675 and D m = m + fraction, the fraction being in general a function of the integer m . The constant doublet or triplet separations of S and D series are formed by the deduction of a quantity Δ, or Δ 1 , Δ 2 , in the case of triplets, from D 1 , and it has long been known that these quantities are very roughly proportional to the squares of the atomic weights when elements in the same group are compared. The present communication deals with the actual relation between Δ and the atomic weight, and with the part it plays in the general constitution of spectra. It is shown that there is a definite quantity in connection with each element which is of fundamental importance in the building up of its spectrum. It is proportional to the square of the atomic weight: in fact, if w denote the atomic weight divided by 100 its value is (90·4725 ± 0·013) w 3 . This quantity is of such universal application that it is useful to have a special name for it, and it has been called the oun ( wv ). Its value is denoted by δ 1 , but δ is used for the multiple 4δ 1 , as it is of very frequent occurrence. The evidence for its existence is based on the arc spectra of He, the elements of the Groups I and II, the Al sub-group and Sc of III and the O, S, Se of VI of the Periodic Table—in other words, all those elements in which the series lines have been allocated. It is found:— (1) That the Δ which give the doublet and triplet separations are all multiples of their respective ouns.

Liberalism and the Problem of Cultural Membership: A Critical Study of Kymlicka

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Lenihan
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Moral Conviction ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
Will Kymlicka ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Minority Cultures ◽  
Cultural Membership ◽  
The Way

Moral conviction embodies an inescapable element of passivity, Hegel argued, a constitutive identification with morality’s demands, that cannot arise from autonomous decision, but only from the training and socialization that creates our very sense of self.Charles LarmoreIn the opening pages of Liberalism, Community and Culture Will Kymlicka tells us that the book was motivated by two concerns:One is my discomfort with recent communitarian discussions of culture and community, and with the kinds of criticisms they have brought against liberalism. The other is a discomfort with the way liberals have responded with indifference or hostility to the collective rights of minority cultures (1).

Development and regional planning within the decentralized administrative frame: case study (the Jordanian Experiment)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Mansour Safran
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
The Way

This aims to review and analyze the Jordanian experiment in the developmental regional planning field within the decentralized managerial methods, which is considered one of the primary basic provisions for applying and success of this kind of planning. The study shoed that Jordan has passed important steps in the way for implanting the decentralized administration, but these steps are still not enough to established the effective and active regional planning. The study reveled that there are many problems facing the decentralized regional planning in Jordan, despite of the clear goals that this planning is trying to achieve. These problems have resulted from the existing relationship between the decentralized administration process’ dimensions from one side, and between its levels which ranged from weak to medium decentralization from the other side, In spite of the official trends aiming at applying more of the decentralized administrative policies, still high portion of these procedures are theoretical, did not yet find a way to reality. Because any progress or success at the level of applying the decentralized administrative policies doubtless means greater effectiveness and influence on the development regional planning in life of the residents in the kingdom’s different regions. So, it is important to go a head in applying more steps and decentralized administrative procedures, gradually and continuously to guarantee the control over any negative effects that might result from Appling this kind of systems.   © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association

Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North Sumatera in Political Debates

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Dwi Amalia Zati ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Lince Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The Way ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objectives of the research were to describe the types of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, to derive the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera and to elaborate the way of five governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. This research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative research. The findings show that there were only four types of speech acts used in televised political debates, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara, they were assertives, directives, commissives and expressives. The dominant type of speech acts used in both televised political debates was assertives, with 82 utterances or 51.6% in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and 36 utterances or 41.37% in Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. The way of governor candidates of North Sumatera used speech acts in televised political debates is in direct speech acts, they spoke straight to the point and clearly in order to make the other candidates and audiences understand their utterances.   Keywords: Governor Candidate; Political Debate; Speech Acts

Ibn-Ul-Arabi's Cultural Environment that Influenced Him

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Assist. Prof. Dr. Kazım Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

The cultural environment of Ibn al-Arabi is in Andalusia, Spain today. There, on the one hand, Sufism, on the other hand, thinks like Ibn Bacce (Death.1138), Ibn Tufeyl (Death186), Ibn Rushd (Death.1198) and the knowledge and philosophy inherited by scholars, . Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240), that was the effect of all this; But more mystic (mystic) circles came out of the way. This work, written by Ibn al-Arabi's works (especially Futuhati Mekkiye), also contains a very small number of other relevant sources.

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