The scientific objectives of the International Solar Polar Mission

The International Solar Polar Mission (I. S. P. M. ), originally known as the Out-of-Ecliptic Mission, will be the first spacecraft mission to explore the third dimension of the heliosphere within a few astronomical units of the Sun and to view the Sun over the full range of heliographic latitudes. Its main objectives are to investigate, as a function of solar latitude, the properties of the interplanetary medium and the solar corona. The I. S. P. M. is a two spacecraft venture jointly conducted by E. S. A. and N. A. S. A. The two spacecraft will be injected into elliptical heliocentric orbits approximately at right angles to the ecliptic plane, by using the Jupiter gravity assist method, one northwards and the other southwards. After passing nearly above the poles of the Sun, each spacecraft crosses the ecliptic plane and passes over the other solar pole. The complete mission time from launch, foreseen for February 1983, to the second polar passage is approximately 4⅔ years. This paper summarizes the main scientific objectives of the instruments to be carried on this exploratory mission. It concludes with an outline of the payload, the spacecraft, the trajectory and the mission schedule.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Hassler ◽  
Jeff Newmark ◽  
Sarah Gibson ◽  
Louise Harra ◽  
Thierry Appourchaux ◽  
...  

<p>The solar poles are one of the last unexplored regions of the solar system. Although Ulysses flew over the poles in the 1990s, it did not have remote sensing instruments onboard to probe the Sun’s polar magnetic field or surface/sub-surface flows.</p><p>We will discuss Solaris, a proposed Solar Polar MIDEX mission to revolutionize our understanding of the Sun by addressing fundamental questions that can only be answered from a polar vantage point. Solaris uses a Jupiter gravity assist to escape the ecliptic plane and fly over both poles of the Sun to >75 deg. inclination, obtaining the first high-latitude, multi-month-long, continuous remote-sensing solar observations. Solaris will address key outstanding, breakthrough problems in solar physics and fill holes in our scientific understanding that will not be addressed by current missions.</p><p>With focused science and a simple, elegant mission design, Solaris will also provide enabling observations for space weather research (e.g. polar view of CMEs), and stimulate future research through new unanticipated discoveries.</p>


1976 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pitz ◽  
C. Leinert ◽  
H. Link ◽  
N. Salm

The Z.L. experiment consists of 3 photometers which are mounted rigidly into the s/c with orientations of about 15°, 30° and 90° south of the s/c – XY-plane, which coincides in orbit with the ecliptic plane (see Fig.1). Helios is spinning uith 1 Hz, and the integration time of the experiment is 513 revolutions. The 90° – photometer always looks to the south ecliptic pole and one revolution of the s/c is divided into 8 sectors to get information on the polarization of Z.L. The polarization is measured by a fixed polaroid foil within the photometer which is rotated by the s/c. In the other two photometers one revolution is split into 32 sectors with different angular resolution. Near the antisun where the gradient in Z.L. intensity is small, the sector length is 4 times the length near the sun (see Fig.2). In these 2 photometers the polarization is obtained by 3 differently oriented polarization foils moved by stepping motors. Intensity and polarization of Z.L. is measured in 3 different colors, which are near the international UBV – system (Ažusienis and Straižs 1969), the effective wavelength shifted by about 100 Å to the blue end.


1975 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Lin

Because ∼5–100 keV electrons are frequently accelerated and emitted by the Sun in small flares, it is possible to define a detailed characteristic physical picture of these events. This review summarizes both the direct spacecraft observations of non-relativistic solar electrons, and observations of the X-ray and radio emission generated by these particles at the Sun and in the interplanetary medium. These observations bear on the basic astrophysical process of particle acceleration in tenuous plasmas. We find that in many small solar flares the ∼5–100 keV electrons accelerated during flash phase constitute the bulk of the total flare energy. Thus the basic flare mechanism in these flares essentially converts the available flare energy into fast electrons. These electrons may produce the other flare electromagnetic emissions through their interactions with the solar atmosphere. In large proton flares these electrons may provide the energy to eject material from the Sun and to create a shock wave which could then accelerate nuclei and electrons to much higher energies.


2004 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 264-268
Author(s):  
Richard R. Radick ◽  
G. W. Lockwood ◽  
G. W. Henry ◽  
S. L. Baliunas

We have combined observations of about 30 sunlike stars from Mount Wilson, Lowell, and Fairborn Observatories to extend our joint time series from 12 to 17 years. The full range of variation on the decadal timescale has probably now been observed for most of our program stars. Statistical relationships between chromospheric and brightness variability derived earlier by us are confirmed. Young active stars become fainter as their chromospheric Ca II HK emission increases, while older less active stars such as the Sun become brighter as their HK emission increases. The Sun's photometric variation still appears somewhat small in amplitude compared to the other stars in this sample with similar mean chromospheric activity.


1867 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 256-258 ◽  

The two most recent theories dealing with the physical constitution of the sun are due to M. Faye and to Messrs. De la Rue, Balfour Stewart, and Loewy. The chief point of difference in these two theories is the explanation given by each of the phenomena of sun-spots. Thus, according to M. Faye, the interior of the sun is a nebulous gaseous mass of feeble radiating-power, at a temperature of dissociation; the photosphere is, on the other hand, of a high radiating-power, and at a temperature sufficiently low to permit of chemical action. In a sunspot we see the interior nebulous mass through an opening in the photosphere, caused by an upward current, and the sun-spot is black, by reason of the feeble radiating-power of the nebulous mass.


2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Moriya ◽  
Takea Yoshizu ◽  
Naoto Tsubokawa ◽  
Hiroko Narisawa ◽  
Yutaka Maki

We report seven patients requiring tenolysis after primary or delayed primary flexor tendon repair and early active mobilization out of 148 fingers of 132 consecutive patients with Zone 1 or 2 injuries from 1993 to 2017. Three fingers had Zone 2A, two Zone 2B, and two Zone 2C injuries. Two fingers underwent tenolysis at Week 4 or 6 after repair because of suspected repair rupture. The other five fingers had tenolysis 12 weeks after repair. Adhesions were moderately dense between the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons or with the pulleys. According to the Strickland and Tang criteria, the outcomes were excellent in one finger, good in four, fair in one, and poor in one. Fingers requiring tenolysis after early active motion were 5% of the 148 fingers so treated. Indications for tenolysis were to achieve a full range of active motion in the patients rated good or improvement of range of active motion of the patients rated poor or fair. Not all of our patients with poor or fair outcomes wanted to have tenolysis. Level of evidence: IV


2018 ◽  
Vol 617 ◽  
pp. A43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Czechowski ◽  
I. Mann

Context. Because of high charge-to-mass ratio, the nanodust dynamics near the Sun is determined by interplay between the gravity and the electromagnetic forces. Depending on the point where it was created, a nanodust particle can either be trapped in a non-Keplerian orbit, or escape away from the Sun, reaching large velocity. The main source of nanodust is collisional fragmentation of larger dust grains, moving in approximately circular orbits inside the circumsolar dust cloud. Nanodust can also be released from cometary bodies, with highly elongated orbits. Aims. We use numerical simulations and theoretical models to study the dynamics of nanodust particles released from the parent bodies moving in elongated orbits around the Sun. We attempt to find out whether these particles can contribute to the trapped nanodust population. Methods. We use two methods: the motion of nanodust is described either by numerical solutions of full equations of motion, or by a two-dimensional (heliocentric distance vs. radial velocity) model based on the guiding-center approximation. Three models of the solar wind are employed, with different velocity profiles. Poynting–Robertson and the ion drag are included. Results. We find that the nanodust emitted from highly eccentric orbits with large aphelium distance, like those of sungrazing comets, is unlikely to be trapped. Some nanodust particles emitted from the inbound branch of such orbits can approach the Sun to within much shorter distances than the perihelium of the parent body. Unless destroyed by sublimation or other processes, these particles ultimately escape away from the Sun. Nanodust from highly eccentric orbits can be trapped if the orbits are contained within the boundary of the trapping region (for orbits close to ecliptic plane, within ~0.16 AU from the Sun). Particles that avoid trapping escape to large distances, gaining velocities comparable to that of the solar wind.


2019 ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Vadim Chuiko ◽  
Valery Atamanchuk-Angel

In this article of the Doctor of Philosophy, professor of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Chuiko Vadim Leonidovich and Atamanchuk-Angel Valerii Ivanovich is applied the principle of «first philosophy» as the foundation of the a priori prerequisites of possible cognition, which define an existence in general rather than its individual parts. This application of metaphysics made it possible to introduce methods of «universal algebra» for the implementation of humanitarian research using algebraic description with the help of three notion: plural, operations, relation. This methodological novation makes it possible to create demonstrative models of social systems, not their constructions, because constructionsare traditionally makeby using binary description that use only two notions, categories. Question: How to fill the notion of «public agreement» with the actual content? How to make all generations participate in the adoption of a social contract? How to create a new one, without destroying it entirely, maintaining stability? How to ensure a high degree of mutation — rebuilding, rebuilding and construction? Introduced in the algebraic sense, the notion of «trust» as a definition of what is necessary for the existence of a society of being as such, forms an algebra that models social relations by the operation of trust, not violence. Based on the above, we can talk about creating a mathematical politics. Matpoliticsdeal with ideal political objects. Matpolitics is the activity of a summation of algebras. These algebras differ from each other by the choice of operations. Plurals that consist of different algebras can be the carrier of the algebra. In this case, we are talking about the algebra of trust / credo, whose signature consists of the following operations: sovereignty, trust / credit, understanding of need for the Other, agreement and recursive procedures. The result of the implementation of these methodological guidelines are the answers to the following questions: How to make the concept of «social agreement» really meaningful? How can all generations (and the unborn, too) be involved in the social agreement? How to create a new one, without destroying the foundations of the existing one, to realize the idea of conservative development: restructuring and building a new one? Based on the provisions of the algebra of trust, society appears as a plurality of sovereigns — C, possessing the full range of rights to identify trust / distrust — Di, creating agreements — Yn, and for their completeness they have and understand the need for the other — Ik. The model presented is a system of treaties that are not an abstract concept of the state, but an agreement with specific elected people who have gained the trust of those to whom they temporarily render their services. Agreements are urgent, limited by time frame, with obligatory full responsibility of the parties.


Author(s):  
Muhammad Gifron ◽  
Nelmi Agustina ◽  
Doris Wela

Abstrak. Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dunia, selalu diiringi oleh masalah limbah yang berasal dari sampah, baik sampah organik maupun non organik. Berbagai usaha untuk mengatasi masalah limbah tersebut secara berkesinambungan terus dilakukan , baik itu sampah-sampah anorganik seperti, berbahan plastik, karet dan lain-lain. Bisa dimanfaatkan kembali melalui daur ulang menjadi barang-barang kebutuhan harian. Sedangkan untuk sampah organik selain dimanfaatkan untuk pupuk, juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pengisi baterai untuk menghasilkan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Terkhususnya untuk pemanfaatan limbah organik dalam pembuatan baterai telah dilakukan dengan beda potensial tertinggi yang dihasilkan adalah 1,67 volt. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi massa bahan pengisi baterai yang bersumber dari kulit durian yang yang diproses khususnya melalui pengeringan menggunakan oven serta dicampur dengan asam dan ada juga kulit durian yang dijemur selama 7 hari dengan massa kulit durian 3, 5, dan 10. Beda potensial baterai tertinggi yang didapatkan adalah 10 gram yaitu sebesar 1,67 volt. Selanjutnya baterai dengan massa 10 gram difabrikasi dalam jumlah tertentu yang digunakan untuk menyalakan LED. Baterai tersebut dirangkai baik secara seri maupun paralel untuk menghasilkan beda potensial yang bervariasi. Abstract. Along with the growing number of the world populations, there always followed by troubles waste derived from trash, organic waste, and non-organic waste. Many attempts to deal with an organic waste such as plastic waste, rubber, and etc, has been continued, so those waste can be recycled and reused for daily demand. On the other hand, organic waste can be used as fertilizer, and basic material for the battery that results an environmental friendly alternative energy. Especially to utilize the organic waste, the making of battery has been done that yields highest voltage, 1.67 volts. This research aims to modify the mass filler of the battery that obtained from durian skin which is processed by mixing it with acid and drying it using oven, there also other technique by drying the durian skin under the sun for about 7 days which varied masses of 3 gram, 5 gram, and 10 gram. The highest voltage that obtained is 1.67 volt using 10 gram durian skin. Further, the battery with 10 grams durian skin is then fabricated in a specified number to light up the LED. This battery placed either in serial or parallel circuit to obtain varied voltage.


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