scholarly journals VI. Physiological observations made on Pike's Peak, Colorado, with special reference to adaptation to low barometric pressures

1913 ◽  
Vol 203 (294-302) ◽  
pp. 185-318 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Colorado College ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Considerable Period

The Anglo-American Pike's Peak Expedition, 1911, of which we propose to give the scientific results, was planned by members of Oxford and Yale Universities, with the main object of making a thorough study of physiological adaptation to low atmospheric pressures. It was decided to make all the observations on Man, as the conditions of respiration and the blood changes can be studied more satisfactorily in man than in animals. It was also essential that the physiological conditions, apart from the reduced atmospheric pressure, should be normal as far as possible, and that the observations should be continued over a considerable period. After considering the advantages and disadvantages of making the experiments in the Alps, Andes, or Himalayas, we selected Pike’s Peak, Colorado, as it seemed preferable in several very important respects. The Peak is practically free from snow in sum m er: there is a substantial house on the summit, in which we were offered excellent accommodation; and a cogwheel railway which ascends the mountain afforded easy transport for apparatus and supplies, and communication with the scientific laboratories at Colorado College, Colorado Springs, only about 14 miles distant. A further advantage was that large numbers of people came up daily during the summer, and furnished ample opportunities for observing the symptoms of mountain sickness in unacclimatised persons, while several persons living on the summit, besides ourselves, were available for studying the effects of acclimatisation.

scholarly journals Development of Resource Description and Access (RDA): The New Cataloging Standard

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-417
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Khosrowpour
Keyword(s):  
Digital Environment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Library Users ◽  
Online Catalogs ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Locating Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Resource Description

Resource Description and Access (RDA) is a new standard for describing and accessing information specifically designed for the digital environment. It is a shift from Anglo American Cataloging Rules II (AACR2) and it aims to provide a more user friendly service to library users in locating information in the library online catalogs. It is also targeting to facilitate a cataloging standard which can be shared globally and be edited simultaneously by the catalogers and other users when needed. There are similarities as well as diff erences between these two cataloging standards. Since the development of RDA started in 2005, there has been a hot discussion among catalogers about the advantages and disadvantages of the two standards against each other. There are also arguments on the changes that RDA would introduce to the cataloging standards and questioning if this is the right time to move forward with these changes. This paper provides the reader an overview of the development of RDA standards and the outcome of this new standard yet to be adopted.

Participation and Swiss Democracy

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Barber
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
American Constitution ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Private Rights ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Individual

AS THE GREAT HISTORIAN LOUIS HARTZ TAUGHT US IN HIS remarkable study The Liberal Tradition in America, anyone wishing to focus on the special character of a regime would do well to begin by taking the measure of what is absent rather than what is present. Like America, Switzerland has long been regarded as an exception to many of the conventional rules of historical and democratic development — Sonderfall Schweiz is how the Swiss portray and perhaps boast a little about their national exceptionalism. Switzerland possesses a unique form of democratic government the hallmarks of which are participatory democracy, neutrality and radical federalism (decentrahsm or localism, what the Swiss sometimes call Kantönligeist). These hallmarks give to it a character which stands in stark contrast to traditional Anglo-American democracy. The student of comparative politics will observe at once that a great many of Switzerland's leading political features seem to have no analogue in either the English common law or the American Constitution. Swiss democracy is English democracy minus most of English democracy's salient features: which is to say, it is scarcely English democracy at all.The powerful idea of natural rights as the armour of the individual against illegitimate authority (originally against the illegitimacy of absolute monarchy, later against the hyper-legitimacy of majoritarian tyranny) is largely missing, for example. Missing too is the tradition of an independent judiciary devoted to the protection of wholly private rights against an alien, power-mongering state. When Alexis de Tocqueville, whose liberal premises suited America so well, went looking in the Alps for something like the English liberties, he went astray. Not finding English liberties, he quite misunderstood Switzerland's regime.

Comparative analysis of domestic psychologists and ergonomists’ publication activity using citation indices

Ergodesign ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
Valeriy Spasennikov
Keyword(s):  
Hirsch Index ◽  
H Index ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
American Physicist ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
Relevance Index ◽  
Official Recognition

The advantages and disadvantages of indices for assessing scientists’ activities using the scientometric databases Web of Science (USA), Scopus (EU) and RSCI (RF) are considered. It is proposed to use such indicators as the citation index and the publication relevance index to objectify the data in addition to the known indicators, namely the number of publications, the number of links, the average number of citations per publication, the Hirsch index. It is shown that the main disadvantage of the h-index proposed by the American physicist Jorge Hirsch for assessing ergonomists’ scientific activities is not taking into account the relevance of breakthrough scientific results and inventions. The rating of 25 leading domestic psychologists and 25 domestic ergonomists is given, which is obtained from the RSCI database and it includes such indicators as the number of publications, the total number of citations, the average number of citations, the average number of citations per publication, and the Hirsch index. It is concluded that using relevance and citation indices is, to a certain extent, evidence of this scholar’ official recognition by the scientific community and the formal confirmation of his authority. It is shown that applying scientometric citation indices and their correct use in assessing scientists’ activities should be carried out by the qualified experts in the relevant field of knowledge.

Frozen soils characterization by the use of ERT and EMI methods: cases in the Dolomites (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Pavoni ◽  
Jacopo Boaga
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Rock Glacier ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mountain Permafrost ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
The Alps ◽  
2D Resistivity

<p>Nowadays, tourism and sport activities make the Alps high mountain environment widely populated. As example, the Dolomites (UNCESCO site, North-East Italy) host millions of tourists every year. Consequently, many infrastructures (e.g. roads, cable cars and hotels) have been built in these areas, and are subject to instabilities hazards as landslide, avalanches or frozen soils problems.  Mountain permafrost is in fact one of the many aspects to be considered for the natural hazards and risk management in high mountains environment. Due to the atmospheric warming trend, mountain permafrost is thawing and its degradation is influencing the triggering and the evolvement of natural hazards processes such as rockfalls, landslides, debris flows and floods. We have nearly 5000 rock glaciers in the alps, as highlighted in the inventory of the PermaNET project (2011), therefore the study and monitoring of these periglacial forms has both a scientific and economic importance. Geophysical surveys have been historically applied in this kind of environment, in particular the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for the characterization of the active layer thickness (ALT). The technique exploits the high electrical resistivity contrast between frozen and non-frozen debris, and, over the last years, has allowed the researchers to achieve very relevant results. However, performing these measurements is expensive both in terms of time and equipment, particularly considering that the rock glaciers are often very difficult to reach. Thus, usually we are not able to perform many investigation lines and, as the results are 2D resistivity sections, it is very difficult to obtain enough information to completely characterize a heterogeneous environment such as a rock glacier. For this reason, we tried to apply the EMI method (in the frequency domain) for the characterization of the ALT. EMI method, in fact,  theoretically allows us to define the distribution of electrical resistivity in the first subsoil in a very quick way, simply by transporting the device over the interested area. Compared to ERT, it is potentially able to characterize much larger areas of a rock glacier, albeit with a lower resolution and penetration. On the other hand, because the high resistivities of the frozen ground, EMI do not guarantee an optimal working and rigorous acquisition protocol must be adopted. We tested ERT and EMI measurements along the same investigation lines, in two different sites of the Dolomites area (the Murfreit and Biz Boè rock glaciers). Finally, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of both the techniques.</p>

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Claudia Nelson ◽  
Anne Morey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Young Adult Fiction ◽  
Cognitive Poetics ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Greek Myths ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Straight Lines

The introduction lays out the scope and methodology of the book as a whole, while offering discussions of three additional cases that represent examples of texts that are relevant to the project but that represent lines of examination not pursued later in the book. The book deals with Anglo-American children’s and young adult fiction from the early twentieth century through the present that reuses and redeploys elements of the classical world. Having noticed in this relatively constrained body of literature the prevalence of place in structuring metaphors, these works are then grouped into five chapters according to the major topological metaphors that they rely on, as primarily palimpsest, map, or fractal texts. The major methodology on display throughout is a cognitive poetics approach. The sample exception texts, designed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of our groupings and methodological approach, are Marilyn Singer’s Echo Echo: Reverso Poems about Greek Myths, David Elliott’s Bull, and Rosemary Sutcliff’s The Mark of the Horse Lord, which offer contrasting spatial metaphors of a type that are here briefly acknowledged: original/mirror, inside/outside, and straight lines/spirals.

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) of Advanced High-Temperature Ceramics

2008 ◽  
Vol 395 ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman K. Mishra ◽  
Lokesh C. Pathak
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Material Preparation

Over the years, the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) has become an interesting research field to prepare a large numbers of advanced materials. Recently, the demands for high temperature advanced ceramics have further intensified the research on SHS for efficient material preparation. Several reviews, large numbers of papers and patents on various aspects of material production by SHS are available in literature. These are scattered and it is desirable to have a comprehensive review of the literatures that not only helps the researchers but also guide the beginners in this area. In this paper, we have emphasized our contributions on synthesis of various advanced high temperature ceramics, the borides, carbides, oxides and their composites by SHS processes. Several advantages and disadvantages of the SHS technique for advanced high temperature (HT) materials are highlighted. The preparation of nano-sized powders and finegrained in-situ high temperature ceramic composites through SHS is specially mentioned.

Realistic reporting of life insurance company policy liabilities and profits: developments in Anglo-American countries

1994 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Adams ◽  
C. N. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Life Insurance Company ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Company Policy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Anglo American

AbstractThis paper examines international developments in life insurance generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP) for policy valuation and profit recognition in four major Anglo-American markets—the U.K., Australia, the U.S.A. and Canada. Each valuation method examined has its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the needs of preparers and users of the annual corporate reports of life insurance companies. The paper documents that the statutory basis and U.S. GAAP are considered to have substantive deficiencies. In contrast, the U.K. accruals method, the Australian margin on services method and Canadian GAAP have much to commend them, particularly with regard to their flexibility to accommodate valuation adjustments for unexpected events. Nevertheless, from the preparers' point of view, the systems which would have to be developed to facilitate the U.K. accruals and Australian margin on services methods would be difficult and costly to implement. Profit reporting under Canadian GAAP is also sensitive to changes in actuarial reserving assumptions. The authors conclude that, since national preferences in actuarial and accounting practices are inevitable and because the product-market structures of life insurance markets are so distinctive, international harmonisation of life office GAAP is unlikely to occur for a very long time.

scholarly journals The history, theory and methodology of regional archaeological projects

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
Peter van Dommelen ◽  
Mieke Prent
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Regional Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
North And South

The papers collected in this special section of Archaeological Dialogues were first presented at the fifth Symposium on Archaeology and Theory, held in Leiden on January 17th to 19th 1996 under the general heading of The history, theory and methodology of regional archaeological projects. The choice of regional research as the main theme provided the opportunity to discuss current theoretical perspectives on the basis of specific case studies, thus reflecting the concern of Archaeological Dialogues to balance theoretical and practical aspects of archaeology. Through the invitation of archaeologists from various backgrounds and countries across Europe, the diversity of research traditions was not only acknowledged but debate between them was also stimulated. Regional research projects had been chosen because they usually last for a considerable period of time, in the course of which theoretical insights, methodological premises and available techniques are likely to change. In this way, regional projects have repeatedly been suggested to represent a critical element in Dutch archaeology, setting off ‘the Dutch experience’ from developments in both Anglo-American and continental European archaeology (cf. Slofstra 1994; Hodder 1994). The past decades have moreover been especially prolific in generating new theoretical perspectives which may now often coexist with older ones. One of the key issues addressed at the symposium therefore concerned the interaction between changing theoretical and methodological perspectives and the practice of fieldwork. The effects of these relationships were critically assessed by several speakers in the context of a specific regional archaeological project, while others reviewed long-term developments of regional archaeological projects both North and South of the Alps.

Clinical Experiences with Dental Implants

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Clinical Utilization ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Term Data

The clinical utilization of dental impants has accelerated in recent years, and new applications continue to emerge. Concomitantly, alternative implant systems have introduced conceptually different approaches to treatment using altered protocols. The purpose of this paper is to address some of the background issues pertinent to the long-term success, survival, safety, and effectiveness of these devices. The requirements for clinical acceptance of implants are controlled initially by regulatory bodies; however, the dentist eventually must make a decision on which type of implant should be used in clinical practice. This clinical decision-making process should involve the strategy of using an evidence-based approach to ensure quality of care and reduction of liability for negligent care. This is particularly the case when treatment is undertaken in identified high-risk categories. While short- to medium-term data have been accumulated on the success rates of several implant systems, it is apparent that long-term data comparing and contrasting the various advantages and disadvantages of different systems do not exist, and adequate criteria applicable to the collective clinical experience need to be defined. Expanding areas of application are dependent on continuous improvements in implant hardware, surgical protocol development, and rationalized osteopromotive and site installation augmentation technology. Many treatment endeavors are still largely at the pilot study level of development, and long-term prospective clinical trials on large numbers of patients are required to document results adequately and to elucidate the most likely productive areas for future investigation.

Some Ecological Factors involved in the Dispersal of Mosquitos in Queensland

1933 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hamlyn-Harris
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Tree Cavities ◽  
Aedes Vigilax ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Casual Observer

(1) Aèdes vigilax migrates for long distances and together with Mucidus alternans disperses over considerable areas under favourable physiological conditions.(2) Migrations are only undertaken when suitable winds make dispersal possible ; north-westerly winds distribute, under suitable atmospheric conditions, untold numbers of A. vigilax all along our foreshores.(3) In summer the appearance in large numbers of both A. vigilax and Mucidus alternans heralds the approach of a storm.(4) The presence of mosquitos found in wide areas in Queensland apparently devoid of water may be explained : (a) By the existence of breeding facilities in tree-cavities and similar breeding-places not visible to a casual observer ; (b) by the prevalence of suitable carrying winds by which mosquitos are blown for short or long distances from their native breeding-places ; (c) by extreme localisation of mosquitos breeding in small quantities of water mostly inaccessible to the casual observer.

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