On Millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles

1957 ◽  
Vol 240 (673) ◽  
pp. 325-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Early History ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
The Real ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

In 1938 Broom described a reptile from the Upper Permian of South Africa as Millerina , concluding that it was a very primitive cotylosaur ‘ancestral’ to the mammal-like reptiles. To it he added several other genera, including one, Milerosaurus , with a pelycosaur-like temporal opening. Very well-preserved specimens of this last genus make possible a nearly complete description of the whole skeleton of these animals. They are shown by the occurrence of a typical lizard-like columella auris and tympanic cavity to be sauropsids, and are evidently far more primitive in general structure than any other members of that group. The group founded for them is shown to include, with great probability, Mesenosaurus from near the beginning of the Russian Permian reptilecontaining deposits. The real resemblance of the millerosaurs to primitive captorhinids and pelycosaurs is evidence of a common ultimate derivation from anthracosaurs. The Millerosauria provide a starting point for the development of all sauropsids except perhaps the Chelonia. Thus the first appearance of ‘diapsid’ reptiles in the Upper Permian Cistecephalus Zone, and the immensely rapid development they show in the Lower Trias, is related to the effective disappearance of Dicynodon , and of the carnivorous gorgonopsids and Therocephalia which preyed on it, at the end of Permian time. The break is as great as that which separates the beginning of Tertiary from the end of Cretaceous times amongst land-living vertebrates.

scholarly journals Art. VI.—Notes and Recollections on Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and Garhwál

1877 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-156
Author(s):  
J. H. Batten
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
British India ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of

The cultivation of Tea in Kumaon has become so important and profitable, that it is interesting to trace the early history of this industry; and the duty of placing on record as true an account as possible of its introduction, rise and progress, is one which ought not to be neglected by those who are acquainted with the real facts; yet, after all, there is not very much to be told, even by those in full possession of all the data, when they show that, in this case—belonging, as it does, in an especial manner, to the best interests of British India—the seed of the sower “fell upon good ground, and yielded fruit, some an hundred-fold, some sixty, some thirty.”

scholarly journals An historical framework for psychiatric nosology

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early History ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

The early history of West African highlife music

Popular Music ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collins
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Early History ◽  
Dance Music ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
African Coast ◽  
History Of

Highlife is one of the myriad varieties of acculturated popular dance-music styles that have been emerging from Africa this century and which fuse African with Western (i.e. European and American) and islamic influences. Besides highlife, other examples include kwela, township jive and mbaqanga from South Africa, chimurenga from Zimbabwe, the benga beat from Kenya, taraab music from the East African coast, Congo jazz (soukous) from Central Africa, rai music from North Africa, juju and apala music from western Nigeria, makossa from the Cameroons and mbalax from Senegal.

Ephoros Book I and the Kings of Argos

1951 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Andrewes
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Theme

Ephoros is known to have conceived each of his books as a unit with a specific theme, so that where we have any quantity of material it is worth while asking what the theme of a book was supposed to be. Clearly Ephoros i was about the return of the Herakleidai and the early history of the Peloponnese, but that defines the starting-point, not the scope of the book: I propose to argue that he presented here the contrast of the three Heraklid kingdoms, the degeneration and downfall of the Argive and Messenian Heraklids as opposed to the salvation of the Spartan state by Lykourgos.

scholarly journals Art. XXII.—Notes on the History of the Banu ‘Oḳayl

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-526
Author(s):  
Henry C. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

The following particulars on the origin and early history of the Banu ‘Oḳayl are from Ibn Khaldūn, vol. ii. p. 312, vol. vi. p. 11, etc. (Bulak Edition).I may perhaps allow myself to begin by reminding the reader that Eastern writers invariably represent the Ismailian Arabs as the posterity of ‘Adnan, descendant of Ismail, and the people of each tribe as the actual children of one or other of the Arab Patriarch's posterity, after each of whom the tribe is usually named. But it is obviously unnecessary, to say the least of it, to regard the genealogies attributed to the tribes as anything more than the real or reputed pedigrees of their chiefs.

Xenophobia Is a Foreign Manifestation

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Mavhungu Elias Musitha
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
European Countries ◽  
African Union ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Divide And Rule

This chapter has argued that South Africa is not xenophobic contrary to media and some scholars' opinions. It has been shown that xenophobia is not only about hatred to foreign nationals but that foreign nationals collude with national ones in forming rival groups to compete for economic gains. This dispels the theory that the country is xenophobic since hatred and fear are not easy to measure. It also offered that contrary to the theory that migration gives rise to xenophobia with movements of the people crossing borders, the real cause of migration in this case is underdevelopment that followed the occupation of the continent by the European countries. The borders they imposed were designed to divide and rule the continent, and Africa must resolve the border issue, the land issue; teach the history of the continent; and hold festivals with SADC countries to show the unity of the continent. The African Union should have a permanent agenda issue on the unity of the continent.

“The Real Pure Yog”

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-180
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Real ◽  
Aleister Crowley ◽  
History Of ◽  
Do So

This chapter demonstrates how yoga was introduced to Western readers interested in occultism and the East in the pages of The Theosophist in the early 1880s. In 1885, the newly formed occult society the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor (HB of L), which took inspiration from Theosophy, began instructing its members to read about and practice Theosophy-connected forms of yoga as a way to prepare for occult initiation. It was presumably the first society to do so. Using newly unearthed letters of early members of the Theosophical Society and the HB of L, the chapter pioneeringly traces the early history of the introduction of the practice of yoga in these organizations, which later, through Rev. William Ayton, led to Aleister Crowley and other British occultists’ interest in yoga.

scholarly journals Pemikiran Al-Khawarizmi dalam Meletakkan Dasar Pengembangan Ilmu Astronomi Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Achmad Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mathematical Astronomy ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Civilization

<p>The progress of Islamic civilization is inseparable from the influence of the emergence and rapid development of Islamic astronomy. Islam leads the world civilization and breaks the record as the longest-running civilization lasting more than 14 centuries. At this time, astronomical activities in the Islamic world began to develop intensively. This condition cannot be separated from the role of al-Khwarizmi who made a very valuable contribution. The construction of his thinking which was based on mathematical astronomy made him the foundation of the development of Islamic astronomy, in addition to its development of the geocentric theory of Aristotle and Ptolemy. This is the real contribution of al-Khwarizmi that is very large and fundamental in the heyday of medieval Islam which eventually became the starting point of the scientific development and subsequent Muslim astronomers to date. The emergence of various observatories and planetariums which made observations with more modern tools finally gave birth to many new theories in the study of world astronomy. This study explores al-Khwarizmi's role in the growth and development of astronomy in his time to the present.</p>

Early origins of money

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Michael Peneder ◽  
Andreas Resch
Keyword(s):  
Social Institution ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Financial History ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of

Part I provides a synopsis of the ongoing stream of innovation in monetary and financial history, as well as the scholarly struggle to understand and assimilate it in the history of monetary thought. It serves as an introduction to the non-specialist, providing the general historical background. In the first of three chapters, the focus is on the early origins of money as a social institution. It is of significance to the later discussion of Schumpeter’s monetary theory for two reasons: first, the historical account illustrates the perpetual stream of new monetary arrangements and their importance to the real economy; second, the modern historical record puts into perspective the traditional preoccupation with metallism and the coinage of money as a means of exchange, which dominated the monetary orthodoxy at Schumpeter’s time. In other words, the early history of money highlights the modernity of Schumpeter’s later vision.

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