scholarly journals Art. VI.—Notes and Recollections on Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and Garhwál

1877 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-156
Author(s):  
J. H. Batten
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
British India ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of

The cultivation of Tea in Kumaon has become so important and profitable, that it is interesting to trace the early history of this industry; and the duty of placing on record as true an account as possible of its introduction, rise and progress, is one which ought not to be neglected by those who are acquainted with the real facts; yet, after all, there is not very much to be told, even by those in full possession of all the data, when they show that, in this case—belonging, as it does, in an especial manner, to the best interests of British India—the seed of the sower “fell upon good ground, and yielded fruit, some an hundred-fold, some sixty, some thirty.”

scholarly journals Art. XXII.—Notes on the History of the Banu ‘Oḳayl

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-526
Author(s):  
Henry C. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

The following particulars on the origin and early history of the Banu ‘Oḳayl are from Ibn Khaldūn, vol. ii. p. 312, vol. vi. p. 11, etc. (Bulak Edition).I may perhaps allow myself to begin by reminding the reader that Eastern writers invariably represent the Ismailian Arabs as the posterity of ‘Adnan, descendant of Ismail, and the people of each tribe as the actual children of one or other of the Arab Patriarch's posterity, after each of whom the tribe is usually named. But it is obviously unnecessary, to say the least of it, to regard the genealogies attributed to the tribes as anything more than the real or reputed pedigrees of their chiefs.

“The Real Pure Yog”

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-180
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
The Real ◽  
Aleister Crowley ◽  
History Of ◽  
Do So

This chapter demonstrates how yoga was introduced to Western readers interested in occultism and the East in the pages of The Theosophist in the early 1880s. In 1885, the newly formed occult society the Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor (HB of L), which took inspiration from Theosophy, began instructing its members to read about and practice Theosophy-connected forms of yoga as a way to prepare for occult initiation. It was presumably the first society to do so. Using newly unearthed letters of early members of the Theosophical Society and the HB of L, the chapter pioneeringly traces the early history of the introduction of the practice of yoga in these organizations, which later, through Rev. William Ayton, led to Aleister Crowley and other British occultists’ interest in yoga.

scholarly journals "Essentially Christian, eminently philanthropic": The Mission to Lepers in British India

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 247-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. George Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Spiritual Healing ◽  
Early History ◽  
British India ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
Cultural Ideals ◽  
Physical Healing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Government

The early history of the Mission to Lepers in India is an interplay between politics, religion, and medicine in the context of British imperialism. The Mission pursued the dual but inseparable goals of evangelization and civilization, advancing not only a religious program but also a political and cultural one. These activities and their consequences were multi-faceted because while the missionaries pursued their religious calling, they also provided medical care to people and in places that the colonial government was unable or unwilling. Within the context of the British imperial program, the work imparted Western social and cultural ideals on the colonial populations they served, inculcated patients with Christian beliefs, and provided medical care to individuals who had been expelled from their own communities. Physical healing was intimately tied to religious salvation, spiritual healing, and the civilizing process.

Early origins of money

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Michael Peneder ◽  
Andreas Resch
Keyword(s):  
Social Institution ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Financial History ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of

Part I provides a synopsis of the ongoing stream of innovation in monetary and financial history, as well as the scholarly struggle to understand and assimilate it in the history of monetary thought. It serves as an introduction to the non-specialist, providing the general historical background. In the first of three chapters, the focus is on the early origins of money as a social institution. It is of significance to the later discussion of Schumpeter’s monetary theory for two reasons: first, the historical account illustrates the perpetual stream of new monetary arrangements and their importance to the real economy; second, the modern historical record puts into perspective the traditional preoccupation with metallism and the coinage of money as a means of exchange, which dominated the monetary orthodoxy at Schumpeter’s time. In other words, the early history of money highlights the modernity of Schumpeter’s later vision.

On Millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles

1957 ◽  
Vol 240 (673) ◽  
pp. 325-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Early History ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
The Real ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

In 1938 Broom described a reptile from the Upper Permian of South Africa as Millerina , concluding that it was a very primitive cotylosaur ‘ancestral’ to the mammal-like reptiles. To it he added several other genera, including one, Milerosaurus , with a pelycosaur-like temporal opening. Very well-preserved specimens of this last genus make possible a nearly complete description of the whole skeleton of these animals. They are shown by the occurrence of a typical lizard-like columella auris and tympanic cavity to be sauropsids, and are evidently far more primitive in general structure than any other members of that group. The group founded for them is shown to include, with great probability, Mesenosaurus from near the beginning of the Russian Permian reptilecontaining deposits. The real resemblance of the millerosaurs to primitive captorhinids and pelycosaurs is evidence of a common ultimate derivation from anthracosaurs. The Millerosauria provide a starting point for the development of all sauropsids except perhaps the Chelonia. Thus the first appearance of ‘diapsid’ reptiles in the Upper Permian Cistecephalus Zone, and the immensely rapid development they show in the Lower Trias, is related to the effective disappearance of Dicynodon , and of the carnivorous gorgonopsids and Therocephalia which preyed on it, at the end of Permian time. The break is as great as that which separates the beginning of Tertiary from the end of Cretaceous times amongst land-living vertebrates.

Fugue in the Sixteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Compositional Style ◽  
Early History ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Josquin Des Prez ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Further Development

This book explores the roots of the classic fugue and the early history of non-canonic fugal writing through the three principal fugal genres of the sixteenth century: motet, ricercar, and canzona. The book begins with the pivot in Western composition from an emphasis on variety to one on repetition, first developed by such Franco-Flemish composers as Loyset Compère and Josquin des Prez toward the end of the fifteenth century. By around 1520 Jean Mouton and his contemporaries had established the classic Franco-Flemish motet with its well-known point-of-imitation structure. Nicolas Gombert proved to be the real pioneer in the further development of this idea in the 1530s when he explored the return of thematic material after its initial presentation, an approach that proved central not only to the motet writing of Thomas Crecquillon and Jacobus Clemens non Papa, but also to the earliest experiments in serious abstract instrumental composition (the ricercar) undertaken by a series of organists active in Venice, most notably Claudio Merulo and Andrea Gabrieli. The most important innovation of the last decades of the century was the creation at the hands of Brescian organists of the fugal canzona alla francese, an instrumental genre inspired not by the sophisticated compositional style of the motet, but by the contrapuntally looser approach of such imitative chansons as Passereau’s Il est bel et bon. By century’s end, composers such as Giovanni de Macque had given the canzona a contrapuntal integrity commensurate with that of the ricercar.

scholarly journals “The Real Victim of Lynch Law Is the Government”: American Protestant Anti-Lynching Advocacy and the Making of Law and Order

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Aaron Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Early History ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
War On Crime ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

This article examines American Protestant anti-lynching advocacy in the early twentieth century. In contrast to African American Protestants, who framed their anti-lynching efforts in ways that foregrounded the problem of racism and black experiences of suffering, white mainline Protestant critiques of lynching regularly downplayed race and framed the crime in terms of its threat to American civilization and national law and order. This article connects these latter concerns to the national war on crime of the 1930s and 40s and the early history of the modern carceral state.

Tata Kelola Keuangan Negara Madinah Dan Relevansinya Dengan Konteks Keindonesiaan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-286
Author(s):  
Singgih Muheramtohadi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Real ◽  
Financial Governance ◽  
Corruption Index ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poor Class

Financial Governance is one of many problems that face in Indonesia. The low of perception of Corruption Index, the budget waste, ineffeciency in budget alocation, and found so many of budget deviations. On other side, in early history of islam, financial institution have existed also known as Baitul Mal. From simpe institution form of Baitul Mal to organized institution in the age of Umar Ibn Khattab’s rule. Although Islam doesn’t teach the financial governance definitively, but there are some principles that relevant to solve thefinancial governance problems in present time. This write uses the description and analytical method, i.e to describe how to manage the financial in Baitul Mal and what values are contained that can be used in solving the financial governance’s problems. The results of this write are : 1) the govermance should restrict of expenditure budget, 2) the expenditures must be based on the real neeeds of people, especially for poor class. 3) to maximilize the revenue from large companies and cumstoms and excises. 4) to intensify the control of financial governance.

scholarly journals Framing 'Islamic Art' for Aesthetic Interiors: Revisiting the 1878 Paris Exhibition

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-59
Author(s):  
Moya Carey ◽  
Mercedes Volait
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
British India ◽  
Public Displays ◽  
National Initiatives ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Domestic Culture ◽  
Private Collections

Abstract The 1878 Exposition Universelle in Paris is known for the substantial scope and content of its Islamic art displays ‐ the most extensive offered to an international audience by that date. A renewed analysis of this influential event demonstrates that it featured a network of distinct ‐ though often interlinked ‐ installations that come under the label of 'Islamic art', situated across a complex site. These included national initiatives, such as L'Égypte des Khalifes, sponsored by the ruling Khedive of Egypt, and the purpose-built Pavillon de la Perse, constructed by master-builders dispatched from Qajar Tehran. Commercial undertakings included a display of Vincent Robinson's Iranian carpets in the British India section. At the Galerie orientale curated by Albert Goupil in the Palais du Trocadéro, other objects loaned from private collections were presented. Common across these various displays was persuasively staged architecture. This article argues for the centrality of architectural salvage and reconstruction in the early history of private and public displays of Islamic art. By examining the different individuals who created both L'Égypte des Khalifes and the Galerie orientale, article proposes a new assessment of an elite domestic culture, pursued by affluent bachelor aesthetes of the period, with many modern resonances.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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