The extraction and use of facial features in low bit-rate visual communication

1992 ◽  
Vol 335 (1273) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Image Coding ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Composite Image ◽  
Low Bit Rate ◽  
The Face ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Gaussian Maps ◽  
Basic Philosophy

A review is given of experimental investigations by the author and his collaborators into methods of extracting binary features from images of the face and hands. The aim of the research has been to enable deaf people to communicate by sign language over the telephone network. Other applications include model-based image coding and facial-recognition systems. The paper deals with the theoretical postulates underlying the successful experimental extraction of facial features. The basic philosophy has been to treat the face as an illuminated three-dimensional object and to identify features from characteristics of their Gaussian maps. It can be shown that in general a composite image operator linked to a directional-illumination estimator is required to accomplish this, although the latter can often be omitted in practice.

scholarly journals Rethinking Facadism: The Contemporary New Zealand Villa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hayley Wright
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cultural Integrity ◽  
Architectural Change ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

<p><b>The New Zealand Villa is a significant cultural icon of New Zealand. Its architecture encapsulates a rich story of New Zealand's colonial heritage, but preserving this legacy requires respect and understanding in the face of societal change. Presently, villa's are being 'modernised' by owners pressured to maintain the aesthetic 'respectability' of the traditional villa, while simultaneously demanding that their private realms reflect contemporary concerns. Differing expectations and conflict in architectural values results in an irretrievable loss of the villa's cultural integrity.</b></p> <p>As the villa becomes permanently entrenched in New Zealand's cultural heritage, an 'authentic' depiction of the architecture becomes subjected to facadism. District plans and heritage rules indirectly promote the 'authenticity' of facadism; however the term authentic is presented to the populace under false pretences resulting in spurious imitation forced upon villa's. Facadism results in a Potemkin City; replicated façades, insufficient in and lacking appreciation for, New Zealand's architectural history. This paper questions facadism in comparison to historical and contemporary methods of architectural change. It aims to rethink the notion of facadism and communicate alternative ways of approaching change that is honest and suitable to the aging dwelling and to the occupational demands of contemporary life.</p> <p>A methodology for assessing the New Zealand villa will analyse the social aspects of the traditional design through a contemporary lens. An analytical study will be conducted that will review the social and architectural attributes associated with the traditional villa and how it catered for demands and rituals of the Victorian society. It will evaluate the villa's position in contemporary society and focus attention to the roof as a horizontal facade. Principles will explore how the villa's traditional roof and planning attributes can be applied to contemporary lifestyle and cater for a changing occupancy.</p> <p>A design phase tests the principles through various sites and scales. The desired outcome will present a developed prototype of a 'non frontal' villa designed for the contemporary family unit. It sets out to achieve this through a series of tests exploring how the designed principles can develop a conceptual depiction of a villa. The design outcome of this thesis presents two conclusions. First a contemporary typology of the spatial language of the New Zealand villa and, second, that the villa's facade in contemporary environments has become a three dimensional object with a horizontal nature that needs to be catered for in contemporary architecture.</p>

scholarly journals Rethinking Facadism: The Contemporary New Zealand Villa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hayley Wright
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cultural Integrity ◽  
Architectural Change ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

<p><b>The New Zealand Villa is a significant cultural icon of New Zealand. Its architecture encapsulates a rich story of New Zealand's colonial heritage, but preserving this legacy requires respect and understanding in the face of societal change. Presently, villa's are being 'modernised' by owners pressured to maintain the aesthetic 'respectability' of the traditional villa, while simultaneously demanding that their private realms reflect contemporary concerns. Differing expectations and conflict in architectural values results in an irretrievable loss of the villa's cultural integrity.</b></p> <p>As the villa becomes permanently entrenched in New Zealand's cultural heritage, an 'authentic' depiction of the architecture becomes subjected to facadism. District plans and heritage rules indirectly promote the 'authenticity' of facadism; however the term authentic is presented to the populace under false pretences resulting in spurious imitation forced upon villa's. Facadism results in a Potemkin City; replicated façades, insufficient in and lacking appreciation for, New Zealand's architectural history. This paper questions facadism in comparison to historical and contemporary methods of architectural change. It aims to rethink the notion of facadism and communicate alternative ways of approaching change that is honest and suitable to the aging dwelling and to the occupational demands of contemporary life.</p> <p>A methodology for assessing the New Zealand villa will analyse the social aspects of the traditional design through a contemporary lens. An analytical study will be conducted that will review the social and architectural attributes associated with the traditional villa and how it catered for demands and rituals of the Victorian society. It will evaluate the villa's position in contemporary society and focus attention to the roof as a horizontal facade. Principles will explore how the villa's traditional roof and planning attributes can be applied to contemporary lifestyle and cater for a changing occupancy.</p> <p>A design phase tests the principles through various sites and scales. The desired outcome will present a developed prototype of a 'non frontal' villa designed for the contemporary family unit. It sets out to achieve this through a series of tests exploring how the designed principles can develop a conceptual depiction of a villa. The design outcome of this thesis presents two conclusions. First a contemporary typology of the spatial language of the New Zealand villa and, second, that the villa's facade in contemporary environments has become a three dimensional object with a horizontal nature that needs to be catered for in contemporary architecture.</p>

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

The face of a killer: How facial features influence the negation of guilt

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieke Curfs ◽  
Rob Holland ◽  
Jose Kerstholt ◽  
Daniel Wigboldus
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
The Face

FACE RECOGNITION USING FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-897
Author(s):  
Vishal Paika ◽  
Er. Pankaj Bhambri
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Feature Points ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hair Style ◽  
Facial Images

The face is the feature which distinguishes a person. Facial appearance is vital for human recognition. It has certain features like forehead, skin, eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, mouth, lip, teeth etc which helps us, humans, to recognize a particular face from millions of faces even after a large span of time and despite large changes in their appearance due to ageing, expression, viewing conditions and distractions such as disfigurement of face, scars, beard or hair style. A face is not merely a set of facial features but is rather but is rather something meaningful in its form.In this paper, depending on the various facial features, a system is designed to recognize them. To reveal the outline of the face, eyes, ears, nose, teeth etc different edge detection techniques have been used. These features are extracted in the term of distance between important feature points. The feature set obtained is then normalized and are feed to artificial neural networks so as to train them for reorganization of facial images.

Wake Flow of Single and Multiple Yawed Cylinders

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thakur ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
J. S. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Computational Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cylinder Wake ◽  
Dimensional Approximation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Drag And Lift

An experimental and computational study is performed of the wake flow behind a single yawed cylinder and a pair of parallel yawed cylinders placed in tandem. The experiments are performed for a yawed cylinder and a pair of yawed cylinders towed in a tank. Laser-induced fluorescence is used for flow visualization and particle-image velocimetry is used for quantitative velocity and vorticity measurement. Computations are performed using a second-order accurate block-structured finite-volume method with periodic boundary conditions along the cylinder axis. Results are applied to assess the applicability of a quasi-two-dimensional approximation, which assumes that the flow field is the same for any slice of the flow over the cylinder cross section. For a single cylinder, it is found that the cylinder wake vortices approach a quasi-two-dimensional state away from the cylinder upstream end for all cases examined (in which the cylinder yaw angle covers the range 0⩽ϕ⩽60°). Within the upstream region, the vortex orientation is found to be influenced by the tank side-wall boundary condition relative to the cylinder. For the case of two parallel yawed cylinders, vortices shed from the upstream cylinder are found to remain nearly quasi-two-dimensional as they are advected back and reach within about a cylinder diameter from the face of the downstream cylinder. As the vortices advect closer to the cylinder, the vortex cores become highly deformed and wrap around the downstream cylinder face. Three-dimensional perturbations of the upstream vortices are amplified as the vortices impact upon the downstream cylinder, such that during the final stages of vortex impact the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the flow breaks down and the vorticity field for the impacting vortices acquire significant three-dimensional perturbations. Quasi-two-dimensional and fully three-dimensional computational results are compared to assess the accuracy of the quasi-two-dimensional approximation in prediction of drag and lift coefficients of the cylinders.

Facial Surface Anthropometric Features and Measurements With an Emphasis on Rhinoplasty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mazhar Celikoyar ◽  
Michael F Perez ◽  
M Ilhan Akbas ◽  
Oguzhan Topsakal
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Planning ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
The Face ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
Objective Outcomes ◽  
A Current

Abstract Background Facial features and measurements are utilized to analyze patients’ faces for various reasons, including surgical planning, scientific communications, patient-surgeon communications, and post-surgery evaluations. Objectives There are numerous descriptions regarding these features and measurements scattered throughout the literature and we did not encounter a current compilation of these parameters in the medical literature. Methods A narrative literature review of the published medical literature for facial measurements used for facial analysis in rhinoplasty was done through the electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar, along with a citation search. Results A total of 61 facial features were identified. 45 points (25 bilateral, 20 unilateral), five lines (three bilateral, two unilateral), eight planes, and three areas. A total of 122 measurements were identified: 48 distances (6 bilateral, 42 unilateral), 57 angles (13 bilateral, 44 unilateral), and 17 ratios. Supplemental Figures were created to depict all features and measurements using either a frontal, lateral or basal view of the face. Conclusions This paper provides the most comprehensive and current compilation of facial measurements to date. We believe this compilation will guide further developments (methodologies and software tools) for analyzing nasal structures and assessing the objective outcomes of facial surgeries, in particular rhinoplasty. Moreover, it will improve the communication as a reference for facial measurements of facial surface anthropometry, in particular rhinoplasty.

scholarly journals Structural Characterization of Receptor–Receptor Interactions in the Allosteric Modulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3241
Author(s):  
Raudah Lazim ◽  
Donghyuk Suh ◽  
Jai Woo Lee ◽  
Thi Ngoc Lan Vu ◽  
Sanghee Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Allosteric Modulation ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Gpcr Activation ◽  
G Protein Coupled

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomerization, while contentious, continues to attract the attention of researchers. Numerous experimental investigations have validated the presence of GPCR dimers, and the relevance of dimerization in the effectuation of physiological functions intensifies the attractiveness of this concept as a potential therapeutic target. GPCRs, as a single entity, have been the main source of scrutiny for drug design objectives for multiple diseases such as cancer, inflammation, cardiac, and respiratory diseases. The existence of dimers broadens the research scope of GPCR functions, revealing new signaling pathways that can be targeted for disease pathogenesis that have not previously been reported when GPCRs were only viewed in their monomeric form. This review will highlight several aspects of GPCR dimerization, which include a summary of the structural elucidation of the allosteric modulation of class C GPCR activation offered through recent solutions to the three-dimensional, full-length structures of metabotropic glutamate receptor and γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor as well as the role of dimerization in the modification of GPCR function and allostery. With the growing influence of computational methods in the study of GPCRs, we will also be reviewing recent computational tools that have been utilized to map protein–protein interactions (PPI).

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