scholarly journals The brain and the law

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1451) ◽  
pp. 1727-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki ◽  
O. R. Goodenough ◽  
Terrence Chorvat ◽  
Kevin McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Brain

Much has been written about how law as an institution has developed to solve many problems that human societies face. Inherent in all of these explanations are models of how humans make decisions. This article discusses what current neuroscience research tells us about the mechanisms of human decision making of particular relevance to law. This research indicates that humans are both more capable of solving many problems than standard economic models predict, but also limited in ways those models ignore. This article discusses how law is both shaped by our cognitive processes and also shapes them. The article considers some of the implications of this research for improving our understanding of how our current legal regimes operate and how the law can be structured to take advantage of our neural mechanisms to improve social welfare.

Exposure to Video Games and Decision Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Curcio ◽  
Sara Peracchia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, it is ever more frequent to read popular press stories about the effects of video and/or computer games on the brain and on the behavior. In some cases, we can read something claiming that video games “damage the brain,” while in others these activities can “boost brain power,” and such conflicting proclamation create confusion about the real or potential effects of this activity on human beings. Thus, it is very interesting to deeply understand the effect that exposure to video games (VGs) can have on cognitive processes, with particular attention to decision making. Only a few studies have been carried out on this issue: the main aim of this contribution is to clarify these aspects, critically reviewing the existing scientific literature. Particular attention has been dedicated to normal and pathological players, different types of VGs, and moral aspects of decision making vulnerable to VGs. It has been concluded that research in this area is still in its early days, and this short review aims at discussing several issues and challenges that should be addressed to forward this research field.

Personality, Relationships, and Decision Making with Relational Dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Bathory
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Variable Probability

Within the field of Economics there is great interest in predicting the future. In creating Economic Models the rationale has been to create fixed equations that can account for all variables associated with the issues of capital, labor, wages, prices, tariffs and taxes but few models explored the human variable. Probability Statistics bases decision making models upon mathematical predictions. Game Theory is an economic model that begins to explain the rationale of human decision making, but fails to account for flawed thinking and pathology. Relational Dynamics attempts to provide a means of understanding the strategies used in communication and decision making. Within humanity, not all decisions are made rationally and to account for illogical choices, psychology has provided theories of pathology to explain human idiosyncrasies. This paper will explore personality disorders as described by the DSM V and Relational Dynamics in an attempt to understand how pathology influences relationships, decision making and behavioral economics.

scholarly journals The Feeling is Real: Emotion Elicitation in Virtual Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-256
Author(s):  
Sahinya Susindar ◽  
Mahnoosh Sadeghi ◽  
Lea Huntington ◽  
Andrew Singer ◽  
Thomas K. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Desktop Computer ◽  
Emotion Elicitation ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Display Systems

Classical methods for eliciting emotional responses, including the use of emotionally-charged pictures and films, have been used to study the influence of affective states on human decision-making and other cognitive processes. Advanced multisensory display systems, such as Virtual Reality (VR) headsets, offer a degree of immersion that may support more reliable elicitation of emotional experiences than less-immersive displays, and can provide a powerful yet relatively safe platform for inducing negative emotions such as fear and anger. However, it is not well understood how the presentation medium influences the degree to which emotions are elicited. In this study, emotionally-charged stimuli were introduced via two display configurations – on a desktop computer and on a VR system –and were evaluated based on performance in a decision task. Results show that the use of VR can be a more effective method for emotion elicitation when study decision-making under the influence of emotions.

Cognitive Model of Team Collaboration: Macro-Cognitive Focus

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Warner ◽  
Michael Letsky ◽  
Michael Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Distributed Teams ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Team Collaboration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes

The purpose of this paper is to describe a cognitive model of team collaboration emphasizing the human decision-making processes used during team collaboration. The descriptive model includes the domain characteristics, collaboration stages, meta- and macro cognitive processes and the mechanisms for achieving the stages and cognitive processes. Two experiments were designed to provide empirical data on the validity of the collaboration stages and cognitive processes of the model. Both face-to-face and asynchronous, distributed teams demonstrated behavior that supports the existence of the collaboration stages along with seven cognitive processes.

How the Brain Makes Decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Boraud
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Brain

The human decision-making process is tainted with irrationality. To address this issue, this book proposes a ‘bottom-up’ approach of the neural substrate of decision-making, starting from the fundamental question: What are the basic properties that a neural network of decision-making needs to possess? Combining data drawn from phylogeny and physiology, this book provides a general framework of the neurobiology of decision-making in vertebrates and explains how it evolved from the lamprey to the apes. It also addresses the consequences, examining how it impacts our capacity of reasoning and some aspects of the pathophysiology of high brain functions. To conclude, the text opens discussion to more philosophical concepts such as the question of free will.

The Role of Executive Function in Shaping Reinforcement Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.

A Computational Role for Dopamine Delivery in Human Decision-Making

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Egelman ◽  
Christophe Person ◽  
P. Read Montague
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Future Events ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Mesencephalic Dopamine

Recent work suggests that fluctuations in dopamine delivery at target structures represent an evaluation of future events that can be used to direct learning and decision-making. To examine the behavioral consequences of this interpretation, we gave simple decision-making tasks to 66 human subjects and to a network based on a predictive model of mesencephalic dopamine systems. The human subjects displayed behavior similar to the network behavior in terms of choice allocation and the character of deliberation times. The agreement between human and model performances suggests a direct relationship between biases in human decision strategies and fluctuating dopamine delivery. We also show that the model offers a new interpretation of deficits that result when dopamine levels are increased or decreased through disease or pharmacological interventions. The bottom-up approach presented here also suggests that a variety of behavioral strategies may result from the expression of relatively simple neural mechanisms in different behavioral contexts.

Social theory and the cognitive-emotional brain

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Verweij ◽  
Timothy J. Senior
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPessoa's (2013) arguments imply that various leading approaches in the social sciences have not adequately conceptualized how emotion and cognition influence human decision making and social behavior. This is particularly unfortunate, as these approaches have been central to the efforts to build bridges between neuroscience and the social sciences. We argue that it would be better to base these efforts on other social theories that appear more compatible with Pessoa's analysis of the brain.

Neuroökonomie – Grundlagen und Grenzen

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pauen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Widespread View

AbstractAccording to a widespread view, neuroscientific basic research tells us more about the essence of the mind than psychology and may, in the long run, even replace those higher level approaches. Contrary to this view, it is demonstrated that many features can only be observed and explained on a certain level of complexity. This is particularly obvious in the case of neuromarketing and neuroeconomics. In both cases, neuroscientific methods depend on behavioral paradigms. Still, neuroscientific research in these fields may enhance our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. In addition, neuroeconomics provide excellent conditions for the study of human decision making.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms of human decision-making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Krueger ◽  
Seth Herd ◽  
Ananta Nair ◽  
Jessica Mollick ◽  
Randall O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Human Decision
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